Enron Scandal with Code of Ethics

Arthur Andersen Limited Liability Partnership was one of the â€Å"Big Five† accounting firm who providing auditing, tax and consulting services to large corporations. This is an accounting firm that held by reputation and trust by public and investor but it facing bankruptcy in the end. Early of the 20th century, invertors don’t know who can be trust because there was spread of business scandals. All they need was auditors. Andersen establishes a company to be trusted. He and his auditors will check and certificate the company accounts if the accounts were honestly and accurately. Andersen advises his partners to pay attention on public needs rather than the profit of company make. After 1950s, the company force to commercialize for the coming of Information Technology era but it still keeps its reputation. But to win the best customers, they must attract a new generation of employees. The new director was keen to explore more customers. They audit and certificate more accounts and made larger profits for their company. Andersen guaranteed the accounts for dishonest company from John DeLorean to Enron and WorldCom. The code of ethics which Andersen against are: 1. Standard I (A) Knowledge of the Law. Members and Candidates must understand and comply with all applicable laws, rules, and regulations (including the CFA Institute Code of Ethics and Standards of Professional Conduct) of any government, regulatory organization, licensing agency, or professional association governing their professional activities. In the event of conflict, Members and Candidates must comply with the more strict law, rule, or regulation. Members and Candidates must not knowingly participate or assist in and must dissociate from any violation of such laws, rules, or regulations. A case of John DeLorean, the founder of the DeLorean Motor Company who goes Ireland to builds his dream car. British government desperate to create job and gave 80 million pound. It was Andersen responsible for the money he spends. But DeLorean spend the money not belong to him. He will spend the company fund s of purchase of equipment for decorating his houses. He orders two Mercedes Benz, one send to his wife use in California. DeLorean asks to pay 17 million dollar to his Swiss bank account call GDP. In conclusion, DeLorean do nothing with the dream car. Although the Code and standard do not required that members and candidates report violations to their governmental or regulatory organizations but strongly encourages members to report violations. Andersen should report DeLorean who spend the money which are not related to the development of dream car and the money was not belonging to him. They shouldn’t participate in illegal activities such help DeLorean to cover the fact and follow the rules and regulations. . Standard I (B) Independence and Objectivity. Members and Candidates must use reasonable care and judgment to achieve and maintain independence and objectivity in their professional activities. Members and Candidates must not offer, solicit, or accept any gift, benefit, compensation, or consideration that reasonably could be expected to compromise their own or another’s independence and objectivity. In case of WorldCom, who was one of the company who use false account to earning profit by deceive public. After the scandal, WorldCom was the largest bankruptcy in U. S. history. It led to a domino effect of accounting and like corporate scandals that continue to tarnish American business practices and the foundation of economic. Thousand hundred of investors lost their life saving. Arthur Andersen emphasizes professional view and implements independence and objectivity which were refusing to certificate dishonest accounts. New generation of employees who work in Andersen should follow the thinking and view of the establisher. Although they want to expand their business, but they should work independence to report or refuse to certificate dishonest accounts, not helping them to deceive public. . Standard I (D) Members and Candidates must not engage in any professional conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, or deceit or commit any act that reflects adversely on their professional reputation, integrity, or competence. Arthur Andersen has involved in dishonesty act which was making false accounting. The company has loss its reputation once the scandal burst out. I n a nutshell, all company should follow rules and regulation. Otherwise, it may harm thousands even millions of people lost their life saving or in debt.

Obesity speech

Overweight and obesity cause the development of diabetes, and contribute to high blood pressure, Infertility, birth complications and amplify asthma and a poor health status. This Is very serious and It has to be taken way more serious by the people living here. Obesity Is largely preventable through changes In lifestyle, especially diet or daily exercise. There are many diseases that are so hard to cure, so why is it that, when we actually have a disease that you can cure yourself, we don't do anything about it?By some changes in your lifestyles, you could actually get a lot healthier than you were before. I am not saying that it is easy. I know that it can be hard to turn things around especially if it's become a habit to eat unhealthy and by eating unhealthy you don't get energy, and that is also a reason why many don't exercise as much as they should do. Younger people have largely grown up in a world, where a greater variety of food than ever before has become available and at a relatively low cost, and so are more prone to develop obesity at a younger age.Obesity is a major cause of death and 1 out of 3 adults and 1 out of 6 children is obese. Obesity costs the US, almost 150 million dollars a year, where almost 10 % of he national medical budgets. The way you eat has changed over the last 50 years. A lot more food is available than before and opportunities for physical activities are lacking. It is a known fact that physical activity improves overall health. Not only does it improve circulation, increase blood flow to the brain, and raise endorphin levels, which all helps to reduce stress, improve mood and attitude, and calm children.Physically active students also achieve more in school, they are less likely to miss school and participate more in class. Michelle Obama speaks about obesity In her beech and tells that because of the support of huge American businesses, Like Disney and Walter etc. Now more than half a million In undeserved communities now have the access to fresh, healthy food. Military leaders are serving healthier menus and products. Nearly two and a half million kids have enrolled In recreational sport classes.And they launched Let's Move Active schools, an unprecedented effort to Invest more than $70 million to promote actively and bring physical education back to your schools. So something Is done, yes. But could more be done? Walt for audience response I think – yes! Guys! I know that I may not Influence you to do something about It, but I may as well try, because this is serious. After I told you all these consequences, it must do outside the restaurant is looking so tasty and the candy in the candy stores can be so tempting, and its okay to eat it once in a while, but it can't be an everyday food or an everyday habit.That's Just too unhealthy for your body and health. I know that it tastes so good when you're eating it, but how do you feel about yourself when you finished the meal? Do you feel good or do you feel insecure about your body? Wait for audience response I can tell you, that I sure don't feel especially good after an unhealthy meal like that. So you got to ask yourself – Is this worth it? Do I want to be healthy? Do I want to be fit? Do I want to look good?I'm not saying that it's wrong to have curves, it isn't at all. But it's wrong, when it's dangerous for your own life. You are the young generation. You can still do something about this and with one step at a time it will help. Even if it's baby steps, you still got to try. I know that after an exhausting day at school it is very tempting to lie down in the bed and watch television, go on your ‘phone and hat with your friends on backbone, go on Mainstream and post a picture, whatever you like to do.

Administration of Contracts in Business Law

Two parties may decide to form an agreement in concern for their business. And for that reason, each of them will leave saying that they have a deal. However, the law differentiates between enforceable agreements from mere promises. When parties present themselves to the court alleging that one of them refused to perform according to their agreements, the court looks at their promises and check whether all the elements of agreement exist. If they exist, then the court will enforce such agreement.   Keywords:   Enforceability, Offer, Acceptance, Consideration Contract law supervises people in the administration of their promises. It is necessary to recognize that not all agreements that people form are enforceable in the eyes of the law. For a court to enforce a deal, it must look for the presence the elements of an agreement. If all of them exist, then the court will proceed to force the parties to perform their obligations. As an illustration, this paper will analyze a case between Peter and Brett (Nephew) and decide whether there is an enforceable agreements of not. The explanation whether the uncle/nephew relationship has any effect on whether or not there is a binding agreement is a matter of presumption applied to cases of social and domestic agreements. When looking at these agreements, their enforceability dwells on their subject matter as opposed to the parties’ relationship. In most cases, agreements originating from a business setting have a presumption that the parties intended to create a legal relationship (Koffman, & Atkins, 2014). The rule doesn’t even apply to domestic relationship, but also to any commercial context where free gifts are offered as in (Esso Petroleum Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise, 1976) Concerning family cases, a good example of the application of a binding agreement between relatives is in (Parker v Clarke, 1960). This case involved elderly relatives convincing a young couple to dispose their house and relocate with them. The elderly relatives promised them that they would give the young couple a share in their house in return. However, their relationship fell out, and the elderly couple dismissed the young couple. When the matter went to the court, the court rebutted the presumption given to the domestic agreements and held that the agreement was enforceable. Similarly, in the case of (Merritt v Merritt, 1970) the court rebutted the presumption both the husband and wife in had no intention to form a legal relationship in their agreement. So like this case, Brett should not assume that the court will be blinded by the fact that he was contracting with his uncle. The court will look at the subject matter of the agreement which is the ‘sale of a car.' The law of contract dismisses any thought that the acceptance can occur by the silence from the offeree. On the other side, it also explains to what extent a silence can indicate a sign of acceptance. However, it's not a silence as such. It's a situation where the offeree's conduct demonstrates an acceptance of an offer. For instance, in (Brogden v. Metropolitan Railway Co, 1877), the court held that the plaintiff accepted the offer the moment he made the amendments and sent the draft to the defendant. Also, the court traced a sign of acceptance by indicating that the actions of the parties demonstrated acceptance. That is, the plaintiff sent the coal after the agreement, and the defendant accepted the coal.   Additionally, in (RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois Muller GmbH & Co KG, 2010), the Supreme Court ruled that as far as the parties had carried out their obligations, it meant that they had accepted the terms of their agreement even though they had not signed it. The court went on clarifying that the parties’ conduct had shown that they had performed as if the contract draft applied, and they treated it as if it was already a contract. The same principles were applied to (Limited v Amphenol Limited, 2009) Tekdata bought some from Amphenol and indicated that it would be its and condition that would guide their contract. On the other side, Amphenol disputed those sentiments and said that Amphenol's terms and conditions would administer the agreement. Nevertheless, the parties continued with their normal trade until when the dispute emerged. In solving the dispute, the court of appeal held that Amphenol was the last to issue its terms, so its declarations would apply. These kind of judgments are more popular in cases where one party commences work before they agree to the terms of the contract. So like the mentioned cases, Peter’s terms would prevail. Consideration is a fundamental constituent of any enforceable contract. In English law, any contract without a consideration is   treated as voidable. In other words, if one party promises another something without getting something in return, the law cannot enforce such a promise.   A valuable explanation to consideration is in (Currie v Misa, 1875). The judge said consideration is, "some right, interest, profit, or benefit accruing to the one party, or some forbearance, detriment, loss, or responsibility, given, suffered or undertaken by the other" Also, the House of Lords described consideration as the "price that one to a contract pays for the promise or the performance of the other party," (Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd, 1915). Like offer, and acceptance, even consideration has some rules that attached to its validity. In (Turner, 2013), the book summarizes the rules of consideration into three principles; these are that "the consideration must be sufficient but need not be adequate. The second rule is that past consideration would not be a useful consideration, and the third one is that consideration must come from the promise." In the concerned question, this paper will concentrate with the first principle. By stating that consideration must be sufficient but that it need not be adequate, this means that it requires that there should be an exchange of something of value but not something equivalent to whatever you received. In other words, there should be an existence of a bargain, though it doesn't have to be a good one. The same explanation was given in (Korunich v Holliday, 2013) where the court stated that a "good consideration does not need to have a value comparable to the promise." So considering t he explanations above, $500 is a valid ‘consideration’ for a contract to sell the diesel motor car if the parties accept it. If Brett tells Peter that he would challenge the validity of the contract due the fact that he entered into the contract thinking he was buying a diesel car, but Peter gave him a diesel car, then it would be a question of unilateral mistake. In (Emanuel, 2010), Emanuel explain that â€Å"a unilateral mistake happens where one party to a contract is mistaken but and the other party is aware of the mistake.† This mistake may happen to the concern of a fundamental term, or it can be the identification of one of the contracting parties. Notably, if a unilateral mistake happens due an error in the quality, such error would not invalidate the contract. For instance, in (Smith v Hughes, 1871) the court held that the contract was enforceable even though the plaintiff had made a mistake to the oats. On the other hand, if the mistake touches the requisite part of the contract, i.e a fundamental term of a contract, and the other party knows the mistake, this can render the contract voidable. For example, in (Hartog v Colin & Shields, 1939) the judge ruled that the plaintiff was aware of the clerical mistake with the offer. As a result, the court dismissed the claim as it could not let the plaintiff benefit from of such a fundamental error. To clarify, the court ruled on behalf of the defendant stating that the plaintiff was supposed to consider that the defendant's intention wasn't to sell at such a low price. As for the case of Peter and Bett, the contract can be voidable due to a fundamental mistake. The procedure for contract arrangement starts with one party presenting an offer, and the other one accepting. The acceptance can be in writing, oral or in conduct. Apart from offer and acceptance, a valid agreement must have consideration. There is no rule to what consideration should be. For example, $1 for a car would be an adequate consideration. Koffman, L., & Atkins, R. (2014). Koffman & Macdonald's law of contract (8th ed., p. 79). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Miller, R. (2012). Fundamentals of business law (3rd ed., p. 154). Mason, Oh: South-Weston. Turner, C. (2013). Key facts and key cases (1st ed., p. 31). Routledge. Emanuel, S. (2010). Contracts (9th ed., p. 164). New York: Aspen Publishers. Dunlop Pneumatic Tyre Co Ltd v Selfridge & Co Ltd (1915) Esso Petroleum Ltd v Commissioners of Customs and Excise (House of Lords 1976). RTS Flexible Systems Ltd v Molkerei Alois Mà ¼ller GmbH & Co KG (2010) Tekdata Interconnections Limited v Amphenol Limited (2009)

Breast Cancer Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Breast Cancer - Research Paper Example Locally advanced breast cancer is distinguished by the application of the TNM Staging Process and is considered to be stage III where the tumor has extended to the chest wall and or the axillary nodes but has not metastasize to far organs and body cavities. Last but not the least is metastatic breast cancer or advanced breast cancer, which is distinguished by the presence of malignant or cancerous cells in the various body parts like the bone; or distant organs like the lungs or the liver (Johnston et al, 2008). Signs and Symptoms Breast cancer symptoms are mostly composed of the changes in the physical outlook of the breast marked by lumps/growths, nipple retraction or dimpling, flaky skin on the nipple area, bloody discharges from the nipple and a change in the shape or alignment of the breast. The symptoms stated may be related to other forms of illness, hence undergoing mammogram screening is the best option if breast cancer is suspected because this will show malignant cells of tumors present within the breast especially if they are small and cannot be felt by the touch of the hand even while breast self examination is done (Johnston et al, 2008). Etiology/Pathogenesis The risk of breast cancer increases with age and becomes double every ten years until a woman reaches menopause. The root cause of breast cancer is still currently undetermined, but recent studies show that the development of the disease comes from various factors, and that women who are predispose to the following aspects are more susceptible to breast cancer: 1) had early menarche (menstruation) especially those who had their first menstrual period before age twelve; 2) had their menopause at a later age than the normal; 3) gave birth at an older age (30 years old and above); 4) has a family history of breast cancer; 5) excess alcohol consumption; 6) prolonged exposure of breast tissue to radiation; 7) recent utilization of oral contraceptives; 8) had postmenopausal hormone replacement the rapy; 9) obesity; and 10) mutation of the genes BRCA1 and BRCA2 (Johnston et al, 2008). Diagnostic Tests After being diagnosed of breast cancer and before surgery or any other treatment is considered for the patient, an assessment which includes medical history review, mammography and histology are done extensively. The patient assessment profile is followed by biopsy and the staging process, to determine the extent or magnitude of the cancer involved. Subsequent to the results of the tests that were done; the patients will now be informed of the different treatment alternatives, making them aware of the advantage and disadvantages of each treatment poses and the risks involved in all the procedures that will be undertaken (Chan et al, 2010). Treatments The recommended medical treatment for breast cancer involves the application and combination of: surgery (mastectomy), chemotherapy plus tamoxifen. radiotherapy plus tamoxifen, neo-adjuvant therapy and systemic adjuvant chemotherapy. Prior to any form of medical treatment, doctors normally provide their patients with options on how to cure the disease. This means giving the patient appropriate information on the actual procedures involved to remove the cancer cells from the breast and other parts of the body where it metastasized. This process permits the patient to choose for herself or himself about the kind of medical treatm

Education as a Primary Defender of Human Rights Essay - 1

Education as a Primary Defender of Human Rights - Essay Example Not every child receives an education, not every woman receives the same rights as her male counterparts, and the voice of the poor remains unheard. A black, lower-class woman, for instance, has less chances of getting her opinions across than a while male belonging to the upper crust of the society, whose voice yields the power to influence society’s major institutions. The Magna Carta of 1215, the most important legal documents to date, set the initial foundations of human rights in the society. One of its key principles stated, "No freeman shall be taken, imprisoned, disseised, outlawed, banished, or in any way destroyed, nor will We proceed against or prosecute him, except by the lawful judgment of his peers and by the law of the land. To no one will We sell, to no one will We deny or delay, right or justice" (The Magna Carta). This centuries old charter was the first legitimate document passed to protect the rights of the people. It evolved over time to form the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which the United Nations passed in 1948. This was, in effect, the turning point for the human rights campaign; indeed, issues of race, social class, and gender inequality would still traumatize society today were it not for the Declaration. The concept of human rights works very well in theory; it is easy to advocate equality for all in text. Reality, however, is an entirely different story. There are still a considerable percentage of men, women, and children who are marginalized and discriminated within the society for one reason or the other. It is precisely for them that human rights defenders function. As the term suggests, human rights defenders are individuals who advocate the provision of human rights to all; they are endorsers of the victimized, and aim to champion the rights of all humans. However, the term ‘human rights defenders is not just restricted to human beings. Instead, it encompasses anything and everything that

Compare and contrast the regional variations that are prevalent in the Research Paper

Compare and contrast the regional variations that are prevalent in the Romanesque Church architecture of Lombardy, Germany and the Low Countries, and Tuscany Give examples - Research Paper Example This style of construction and building can be identified in almost all parts of Europe. The most notable buildings that are still standing presently are the churches, with some of these being the large cathedrals and abbey churches (Jackson 32-34). According to Fletcher (25-27), the church was the ultimate emblematic structure of the Romanesque architecture, and since they were constructed to meet specific needs of liturgy, their construction was depended on the needs. These churches had similar architectural designs that included the thick walls semi-circular arches, towers, roofs and round arches in arcades, doors, windows and vaults (Jackson 36). However, these churches differed in the ground plans, the shape and position of towers, shape of columns, piers and the east end, and the building materials (Fletcher 28). This paper seeks to give the similarities and differences between the Romanesque Church architecture of Germany and the Low Countries, Lombardy and Tuscany. The Romanesque architects constructed myriad buildings with most of them being abbey and village churches, castles and cathedrals (Itcher 23). All these churches were constructed to shelter, welcome and hold the faithful in an environment that was dignified and gave a sense of depth and an ambulatory apse (Flecher 31). The Romanesque churches were built with an interior that was complex and with a densely molded material typified by strong chiaroscuro differences that strengthened the plastic outlines of the columns and heightened the sense of encrusted distinctive thickness and spatial depth (Jackson 44-45). From a structural standpoint, this was successful due to the implementation of the system of anchorages taken as longitudinal units; they were made to be spatial bodies that were added to the next one in a symmetrical manner (Icher 49). The buildings had an isolated crossing that was a normal aspect

Creation Myth Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Creation Myth Project - Essay Example The matter and energy did not exist as separate entities, but rather there existed a vastness filled by senseless, meaningless, formless, nebulous space that pervaded every inch of a universe that was without any dimensions, forms or meanings. The universe was thirsty for a sense of form, dimensions and meaning. Then at the very center of this formless, dimensionless and shapeless world, there emerged a scintillating, shimmering, and incessantly vibrating substance element. In a world that was hitherto substance less, it was the first thing that could be called to be a substance, if it was a substance. This substance atom, this substance particle achieved enhanced sense of shimmering, vibration and scintillation, indicative of some infinite energy that was poised to both pervade and envelope the disturbing zero all around. The vibration soon increased to enhanced levels of humming and void, and the nooks and corners of this pervasive null were filled with an incessant and disturbing, humming. Fear gripped the hearts and minds of the entire creation that was yet to be. A sense of urgency, a sense of apprehension, and fear imbued the entire, pervasive nothingness. And then this substance element lost form and started to emit vast rays of energy, just a millisecond before it burst into flames and water. The flames scattered all around the surrounding vacuum and emptiness, finally cooled by its chillness and silence, to yield land masses or what the generations were to call planets. The water emanating from this bursting of the substance particle filled the cracks and crevices of these land masses. There emerged to be oceans, rivers and lakes full of water. The atomic content emanating from this elemental burst gave way to a chemical soup, which eventually shaped by the heat of this burst evolved to form organic molecules. The incessant cycle of life had been initiated in which the molecular organic creations further evolved

Assignment in Planning and Programming Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

In Planning and Programming - Assignment Example The paper defines a project plan as the guide towards the execution and control of a project. Project plan forms a fundamental base towards the success or failure of a given project. According to Kerzner a project plan defines the appropriate methods to be employed during the project. The defined methods ensure successful completion of projects. Project plan ensures optimisation of the resources towards achieving the objectives of the project. The plan, therefore, acts as a guideline in maintaining a balance between resource utilisation and project schedule compliance. The plan ensures proper utilisation of project resources and timely completion of projects. The project planning process in the construction industry forms a fundamental activity for the entire project. The planning process consists of numerous stages. The stages include. †¢ Choosing of correct technology and construction method to be employed in the project. †¢ Establishing the work tasks. †¢ Defining the existing relationships between various activities. †¢ Estimating the activity durations. †¢ Estimating the resource requirements for the work activities involved. Numerous factors within the construction sector affect the planning process. The factors affecting the project planning process lie within the financial and time functions of the project. The factors can, therefore, be defined as cost factors and schedule factors. The chart below shows the factors affecting the planning process. ... These uncertainties form what project managers consider project risks. Risk management becomes an essential part of projects execution in ensuring the success of a project. Ireland (2006) defines the element of risk assessment as the critical analysis of the expected constraints and uncertainties before embarking on a project. Comprehensive analysis of the risks becomes essential in minimising the probabilities of project failure. Ireland continues to discuss that failure to analyse these factors efficiently and critically, poses surmountable problem of project failure. The process of risk assessment involves, identifying the uncertainties, analysing them, and prioritising the risks as analysed. The last phase, of prioritising, ensures the arrangement of the risks in relation to the impacts they may posses on the project. This phase allows project managers to eliminate the substantial risks perfectly while managing the other risks throughout the project duration. Financial planning P roject management process includes financial planning as an element within the execution process. A financial plan defines and identifies the financial needs of the entire project. All expenses expected within the project execution, need to be indicated within the scope of financial plan. Kerzner (2009) defines financial planning as the element of drawing the budgetary needs for the different phases of a project. Financial planning provides a breakdown of all expenses to be incurred at different stages during the project execution duration. The importance of financial planning lies in ensuring controlled utilisation of financial resources available for projects. Financial

What is the relationship between tuberculosis and poverty in the uk Essay

What is the relationship between tuberculosis and poverty in the uk - Essay Example risk of developing tuberculosis include age, gender, ethnicity, genetic factors, body build, pregnancy, lifestyle (occupation, poverty, diet, smoking, drinking alcohol, drug abuse, place of residence), specific protection (BCG vaccine), medical factors like the presence of HIV AIDs or certain types of cancers, or undergoing treatments like haemodialysis or Immunosuppressive treatment. (Davies, 2005). There are strong indications that susceptibility to both the infection and the disease of tuberculosis is dependent on a variety of factors. The current research is aimed towards finding direct and indirect linkages between poverty and tuberculosis. The indirect links between poverty and TB can be analyzed from the positive correlation of factors like ethnicity, the presence of HIV AIDs, lifestyle, both with the rates of incidences of tuberculosis and with the presence of poverty. For presenting evidence on poverty affecting the rate of tuberculosis more directly, there have been several studies that have quoted poverty as a major factor in the cause of the disease. This paper hopes to carry out an exhaustive literature survey by an intelligent analysis and presentation of the interpretations and findings of an exhaustive list of available resources. By doing this, it is hoped to establish how poverty is related to tuberculosis in the United Kingdom. The primary objective of the present study is to discover if poverty does indeed influence the incidence of tuberculosis in the UK. In addition, this paper also aims to explore and present revealing insights about various possible factors that lead to the infection and disease of TB. This is done so as to find if these others factors are in anyway related to poverty, thus making poverty a major risk factor for TB. It is important to explain the methodology that was adopted and the consequent methods that were employed, and also the reasons for using them. The following pages will help to elaborate upon the above so

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Domingo Faustino Sarmiento - Essay Example First of all, the author points out that a bad gaucho is not a bandit, but a man who steals horses due to the fact that it is â€Å"his profession, his trade, his science† (Sarmiento & Ross, 2003, p. 69). This is why the bad side of gauchos is their devotion for stealing instead of working and gaining things in an honorable way. It is here that Sarmiento emphasizes what made gauchos replaced by farmers and laborers at the time (Goodrich & Sorensen, 1996). Thus, it is a standpoint to think of defects gauchos possessed in terms of further effects on the country. The question is that chaos and lack of order came from bad gauchos due to their love for stealing horses every now and then. Therefore, Sarmiento’s discourse on the bad features relevant to gauchos touches upon their devotion to stealing horses throughout the Argentina. In this respect gauchos were well associated with outlaws and those who have no idea of order and rules of living in the society (Ramos, 2001). Thus, their example teach people about the reasons why gauchos had a bad effect in the history of Latin America.

Welfare and Cigarettes Essay Example for Free

Welfare and Cigarettes Essay With the increased health problems that caused by smoking, more and more people think that the production and sale of cigarettes should be made illegal. However, these people tend to ignore that the positive outcome of cigarettes business brings to the society. They also falsely believe that prohibition of producing and selling cigarettes will lead people to adopt a healthier living environment. Cigarettes business is one of the most profitable industries in the world. The government receive huge amount of taxes from cigarettes companies and it actually uses the money to help fund the welfare program, in which a lot of people can benefit from. Making production and sale of cigarettes illegal will definitely hurt the income of the government, and add pressures on many people who are in need of welfare programs. Some producers of cigarettes will probably keep the business running under the table, as they are still attracted by the humongous profit. This will create more problems that it actually has. It may cause chaos to the community, since smokers can go depressed and do harmful things without having cigarettes. It may also increase crime rate, since people have to trade cigarettes illegally; it can burden the government, since the government needs to spend more money on hiring people to stop the illegal sale and purchase of cigarettes. The potential negative effects on the illegalization of cigarettes are clearly telling us that it is not a desirable approach. In addition, many smokers know that if they consume too many cigarettes, their life will be thread with various health problems; however, they still choose to smoke without worrying about their future health. If they have already cared less of their health, they could find way around to purchase cigarettes and smoke anyway even knowing that is illegal. Thus, it cannot provide people with a healthier living environment. In conclusion, the government should not make the production and sale of cigarettes illegal because it will harm the society economically as well as create more problems that it actually has. The cost of illegalization of cigarettes outweighs the advantage of it, thus they should not make producing and selling cigarettes illegal.

Pet food recall Essay Example for Free

Pet food recall Essay A recent recall across the United States and Canada has pet owners in frenzy. More than 60 million cans and pouches of pet food have been recalled as they have been linked to 10 cat and 6 dog deaths recently. The manufacturer sells food under 95 different brands, including Wal-Mart, Iams, and Safeway. As of yet the specific ingredient linked to the pet deaths has not been determined. Speculation links the liver failure of the cats to a wheat gluten ingredient. The FDA said that wheat gluten itself would not cause liver failure, but if it was contaminated with metal or mold toxins it could cause liver damage. The chief executive of menu foods, Paul Henderson issued a statement saying, â€Å"Our hearts go out to all of the pet owners across Canada, the United States and Mexico for any losses they experience and certainly for the worry this incident may be causing† (â€Å"Company behind pet†, 2007). Pet owner’s expectations when buying pet food are to keep their pets happy, healthy, and well fed. Many of the products recalled were manufactured under the best pet food names in the industry. Pet owner Chris Wood says â€Å"We love our pets just like children. They are not careful enough with the ingredients they put in pet food. That’s scary† (Molina, 2007). Pet’s are companions that owner’s have a deep responsibility to care for. Implications caused by this recall include worry for one’s pet, having to find a new brand of food not manufactured by menu foods, and in the worse case scenario losing one’s pet to liver failure. The worry alone is taking time and energy from pet owners across the United States, Canada, and Mexico. Pet owners are not only returning the recalled food but are taken precautions that cost a lot of money to ensure the safety and well-being of their pets. A veterinarian at the Animal Medical Center on the East Side of Manhattan, Dr. Ann Hohenhaus, said one cat died there over the weekend of kidney failure linked to the recalled food. Hohenhaus said the Animal Medical Center has tested 143 animals for renal failure since worried pet owners started taking their cats and dogs in for blood and urine tests on Saturday (March 18th, 2007)†(Mathews , 2007). Retailers are taking all measures to reassure pet owners. After the recall â€Å"PetSmart general manager Gary Brown said, ‘Everything on our shelves is 100 percent safe for your pet’(Molina, 2007). Petsmart is offering a full refund on all food purchased between December 3-March 6. A Long Island family whose two year old bull mastiff, Princess, died as a result of the recall are suing Menu Foods. Princess ate nothing but Nutro Foods all of her life and passed away from liver failure. The family is absolutely devastated by their loss. The family filed a lawsuit â€Å"Wednesday against Nutro and manufacturer Menu Foods. The lawsuit, filed in state Supreme Court in Nassau County, seeks unspecified compensatory and punitive damages, said Bobbs attorney, Kenneth Mollins†(Mathews, 2007). Quite often consumers put much research and time into products they purchase. When a consumer makes a purchase they assumed the manufacturer is offering a product that will be satisfactory and meet standards. Menu foods did switch to a new supplier for wheat gluten. As of the March 6, 2007 issued recall Mend Foods has once again changed its wheat gluten supply and is once again stocking shelves with premium pet food. Menu Foods expects losses of 24-60 million dollars for this recall and lawsuits that will prevail as a result of the contaminated pet food.

End of life care child

End of life care child Care of a child with end of life During my clinical rotation at children cancer hospital, I encountered a child of 6 years old who was going through relapse of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL). The child and parents had difficulty talking to the staff and doctors due to inability of understanding language. The child was not in a position to talk to anyone except to few words to mother and father. While taking history from child’s father, it came to my knowledge that the child was diagnosed with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia in the month of September, 2014 and according to father he was diagnosed couple of months late. The child was receiving chemotherapy for three months but unfortunately the child developed relapse after the third cycle of chemotherapy. The doctor then informed the parents that now their son won’t be cured and ultimately the child passed through the end of life. As per the assessment the child had lost appetite, nasal bleeding, stomachache, nausea and vomiting. In addition, he was fa tigue, had bruises all over the body and had lost weight. The father was completely hopeless and was continuously denying the fact. Furthermore, he said that my child was diagnosed earlier than the other children admitted in this hospital with the same disease then why my child’s disease is incurable. Moreover, he emphasized if I can help his child in anyway. I found myself completely lost at that time because I wasn’t able to help father with what he was asking for. I felt like crying from inside because the child was so young and I could just realize how it feels losing a child at this age. Meanwhile, I controlled myself and tried to support father emotionally. I was able to take care of child and family on a whole with the all aspects but due to limitations of this paper, I’m considering only physical, psychosocial and end of life aspects. The child experienced substantial sufferings at the end of life and the communication with the parents was deficient. Increased focus on the palliative care needs of children with advanced cancer and their families makes an environment that fosters fundamentally improved end-of-life care and parents also report better preparedness for the end-of-life course and less suffering in their children. (Wolfe et al., 2008). The physical symptoms of the child were noticeable and painful. The physical disabilities were also associated with social role difficulties as the child was not able to socialize with his friends, relatives and parents. The literature also affirms that children with physical performance limitations are less likely to go to school or intermingle with friends and family (Tomlinson et al ., 2011). In addition children with physical sufferings are less likely to spend time with friends for social activities and less likely to participate in leisure time activities. As a health care provider for this child, I was able to help the child to reduce his physical sufferings by talking to him in his own language and listening to his concerns regarding his health. As the child wasn’t talking to anyone so I helped him to get socialized with the help of play therapy. Health care professionals, who care for children with long term physical problems, are urged to give careful attention to the emotional well being, behavior and social adjustment of children and their parents (Goldman, Hain and Liben, 2006). Psychosocial problems are often seen in children with chronic and live long illnesses. Childhood cancer affects allaspects of family life. For this reason, the care is not only focused on a child, but also to the child’s family and other parts of the child’s life. The parents of the child were not given enough attention from the staff and doctors because they considered that their child is not going to live anymore and everyone was asking me to give them emotional support instead of supporting them. Health care professionals who care for children with long-term physical health problems are urged by experts to give careful attention to the emotional wellbeing, behavior, and social adjustment of their patients (Wales, 2011). Having a child with cancer is usually a new experience for all family members. It can be very stressful, so it’s no surprise that families need education, support, and counseling to cope with it or else they will end up with depression and anxi ety disorders (Himelstein, 2006). Psychosocial support includes advocacy, education, supportive counseling, psychotherapeutic and behavioral interventions (Foster et al., 2010). I did advocacy on behalf of my patient as the child was kept in a procedure room where everyone was disturbing him and his parents during the last period of his life, so they were taken to the separate room. Palliative care professionals understand that each family is different and that a thorough psychosocial assessment is a precursor to developing an individualized plan of care that has the greatest potential for good outcomes. Psychosocial assessment should be ongoing and open ended and can be elicited simply by asking families to share their concerns with the health care team at each encounter (Friebert, Levetown and Carter, 2011) The impact of a child’s chronic illness and end of life on parents and the rest of family members is great. Sometimes it may not be possible to cure child with chronic illnesses despite the great efforts from health care team. Parent’s play an important role in helping a child continues to live a comfortable life and prepare for a dignified and peaceful death. It is the most difficult step for parents but it is necessary for them to talk about death to their children. Some parents believe that they are protecting their child by withholding the truth. However, most children with advanced cancer already know or suspect that they are dying, based on the changes they experience inside their bodies and observation of adults around them (Aschenbrenner, Winters and Belknap, 2012). The parents of the child I was caring for was not ready to tell their child about death because it was difficult for them to talk to their child about death and the father said to me that â€Å" he cannot tell his son that he is going to die and he is not able to do anything for him now†. I talked to the father that it is important for them to be honest and open. His child will feel less anxious and alone if he knows what to expect, and talking about his childs death enables him and his child to have an end by expressing love, sharing memories and saying good-bye to each other (Sullivan, Gillam and Monagle, 2014). Allowing child to talk about his or her fears and questions about death will help parents in understanding how to respond to these questions (Wolfe et al., 2008). A major factor influencing child’s understanding of death is his or her developmental level. For instance, preschool children are too young to understand the concept of death. School going children are just starting to comprehend death as a final separation. Meanwhile, adolescents and teenagers usually have an adult understanding of death. Childs understanding of death is also influenced by fam ily’s religious belief, cultural norms and views read in book or seen on television (Forster and Windsor, 2014). Since palliative nursing is entirely a different field so there should be a team which work in collaboration with other health care professionals to reduce the sufferings of the client and support the family on a whole during the end of life care. Child should be assessed on a daily basis for the physical symptoms and must be taken actions to work on symptoms if present. Parents of a child should be given guidance and support during the end of life so they go through this hard time smoothly. Bereavement is parents right and must be respected by health care professionals. Care delivery programs and health insurers, government as well as private should cover the provision of comprehensive care for terminally ill individuals who are nearing to death. Patient communication and advanced care planning that are actionable, measurable and evidenced based must be incorporated in quality standards. Health care organizations should establish the appropriate training and certification requiremen ts to strengthen the palliative care knowledge and skills of all health care providers who care for individuals with advanced serious illness who are nearing the end of life. In addition palliative care is now becoming an important approach to preventing and reducing sufferings in patients and families. It is recommended that primary palliative care should be a core skill of every health care professionals dealing with patients with advanced or serious illnesses. References Aschenbrenner, A., Winters, J. and Belknap, R. (2012). Integrative Review: Parent Perspectives on Care of Their Child at the End of Life.Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 27(5), pp.514-522. Forster, E. and Windsor, C. (2014). Speaking to the deceased child: Australian health professional perspectives in paediatric end-of-life care.International Journal of Palliative Nursing, 20(10), pp.502-508. Foster, T., Lafond, D., Reggio, C. and Hinds, P. (2010). Pediatric Palliative Care in Childhood Cancer Nursing: From Diagnosis to Cure or End of Life.Seminars in Oncology Nursing, 26(4), pp.205-221. Friebert, S., Levetown, M. and Carter, B. (2011).Palliative care for infants, children, and adolescents. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Goldman, A., Hain, R. and Liben, S. (2006).Oxford textbook of palliative care for children. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Himelstein, B. (2006). Palliative Care for Infants, Children, Adolescents, and Their Families.Journal of Palliative Medicine, 9(1), pp.163-181. Sullivan, J., Gillam, L. and Monagle, P. (2014). Parents and end-of-life decision-making for their child: roles and responsibilities.BMJ Supportive Palliative Care. Tomlinson, D., Hinds, P., Bartels, U., Hendershot, E. and Sung, L. (2011). Parent Reports of Quality of Life for Pediatric Patients With Cancer With No Realistic Chance of Cure.Journal of Clinical Oncology, 29(6), pp.639-645. Wales, J. (2011). Promoting Psychological Well-Being in Children with Acute and Chronic Illness.Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 16(4), pp.223-223. Wolfe, J., Hammel, J., Edwards, K., Duncan, J., Comeau, M., Breyer, J., Aldridge, S., Grier, H., Berde, C., Dussel, V. and Weeks, J. (2008). Easing of Suffering in Children With Cancer at the End of Life: Is Care Changing?.Journal of Clinical Oncology, 26(10), pp.1717-1723.

Constructivism Essay -- Philosophy, Piaget, Vygotsky

What is Constructivism? Constructivism has been a popular term used in education since the 1990s but can be traced back to a much earlier time than that (Maddux & Cummings, 1999, p.8). Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky are the two theorists who are closely linked to the development of constructivism. Over the past decade, education has seen an alarming increase in the number of students who are qualifying for special education services as well as students who are being labeled as â€Å"at risk† students. Having such an increase in special education the demand to find a teaching style that works best for students with disabilities has become extremely popular. An increase in popular terms and trendy forms of teaching instruction has developed in education. A popular â€Å"buzz† word that has invaded the educational world is Constructivism; even though constructivism is not a new term it does lack a concrete definition. The term constructivism has been used to explain everything from school reform to teaching styles, and most importantly related to a learning theory. As you can imagine the term Constructivism has the potential to develop many misconceptions since it lacks a universal definition. â€Å"Constructivism is an important theory of learning that is used to guide the development of new teaching methods†(Baviskar, Hartle & Whitney, 2009, p.541). The framework of constructivism is built upon the understanding that â€Å"learning is an active process that is student centered in the sense that, with the teachers help, learners select and transform information, construct hypothesis’, and make decisions†(Chrenka, 2001, p.694). It is important to understand that when speaking about constructivism we are referring to a learning theory not teach... ...dent-centered classroom, which allows students to act upon their prior knowledge and learn through hands on experience. If you have ever been involved with or around students with disabilities you may be extremely hesitant to adopt a constructivist view on education. Students with disabilities require a much more structured learning environment in order to be successful. Many education professionals feel that the appropriate learning experience and learning environment for students with disabilities would be one of a more teacher-directed or explicit teaching style. It would not be fair to assume that a constructivist approach to special education would be a complete failure. However, combining multiple constructivist strategies with some explicit teaching strategies you could quite possibly be able to achieve success when teaching students with disabilities.

Dostoevsky and Freud: Exploring the Relationship Between Psyche and Civ

Dostoevsky and Freud: Exploring the Relationship Between Psyche and Civilization Few novels delve as deeply into the twists and turns of the human psyche as Fyodor Dostoevsky?s Crime and Punishment. The novel explicitly describes the protagonist Rodion Romanovich Raskolnikov?s fluctuating mental state as he commits a brutal crime, becomes tortured by guilt, and finally turns himself in. This detailed description of Raskolnikov?s psyche gives readers a clear picture of his character within the context of the events that take place in the novel. Yet we know little of Raskolnikov outside of this context. How, for instance, does Raskolnikov come to develop those beliefs and characteristics that impel him to commit his crime? We know only that he embodies these beliefs and characteristics from the outset of the novel. In order to fully comprehend the whys and hows of Raskolnikov as a character, then, we must examine him outside the framework of this novel. But how, we might ask, are we to move beyond the narrative context in which Raskolnikov exists? The answer is simple: we must place Raskolnikov within a different context and analyze him in light of this new context. How do we know which context to choose? It depends on what we hope to discover by such an analysis. In this case, we want to expand our knowledge of Raskolnikov?s characteristics and psyche. From Dostoevsky?s explicit narration, we already know Raskolnikov is a neurotic character who exhibits a number of neurotic tendencies throughout the novel. We must therefore locate a context that will help us discover the meaning behind these neurotic tendencies. The logical backdrop to choose is a Freudian context, since Freud deals extensively with human psychology and ne... ...tween civilization and the human psyche?connections which are impossible to completely sever. The presence of these connections make it impossible for us to try to oppose the structure of civilization without ending up in the same plight as Raskolnikov. Thus, both Freud and Dostoevsky seem to suggest that it is necessary for us to adapt ourselves as best we can to the pre-existing constructs of civilization and learn to accept its less pleasant aspects. Works Cited Dostoevsky, Fyodor. Crime and Punishment. Trans. Constance Garnett. New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1994. Freud, Sigmund. "Civilizations and Its Discontents." The Freud Reader. Ed. Peter Gay. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1989. Freud, Sigmund. "Some Character-Types Met with in Psycho-analytic Work." Writings On Art and Literature. Ed. James Strachey. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997.

Leading and Managing Change :: Organizational Development, Planned Change

Organisational development is both a professional field of social action and an area of scientific inquiry†. (Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.1). Organisational development does not have common definition; however, it has more than one definition that expresses the meaning of organisational development and change. Organisational development can be best described as a â€Å"system wide process of data collection, diagnosis, action planning, intervention, and evaluation aimed at enhancing congruence among organisational structure, process, strategy, people, and culture; developing new and creative organisational solution; and developing the organisation’s self-renewing capacity.† (Beer as cited in Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.2). It occurs through the cooperation of organisational members working with a change agent using behavioural science theory, research, and technology (Beer as cited in Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.2). Organisational development and change managem ent deal with the effective implementation of planned change (Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.3). The two terms deal with the leadership issues and the change process (Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.3). Change is very critical process for every organisation and it is a characteristic of organisational development. Change is moving from one state to another; it is the inevitable aspect of life and the essence of any organisation (sharma,2007,p.1);it is the only constant and is moving target as change pace became so rapid so it needs effective management and leadership to be successfully implemented (Cummings and Worley, 2009, p.27). Change Management: Management and change are interrelated. It is impossible to undertake a journey without addressing its purpose (Paton and Mccalman, 2008, p.3). â€Å"Managing change is about handling the complexities of change; it is about evaluating, planning, and implementing operational tactics and strategies† (Paton and Mccalman, 2008, p.3). According to Armenikas and Bedeian organisational change is greatly responsive to management; its possibility remains high as managers strive for successful and perfect change in the organisation (Paton and Mccalman, 2008, p.3). Change management is a complex, and dynamic process; it is about finding best fit for the organisation to get best results (Paton and Mccalman, 2008, p.4). The environment is rapidly changing resulting from changes in technologies, customers’ preferences, alteration in the economy and many other factors (Paton and Mccalman, 2008, p.10) so organisations have to take the journey of change to cope with the external forces facing them and that is done through management. In order to be able to manage change effectively, managers have to look to the faults and problems found in the organisation, putting alternatives and stating its pros and cons, decide on the future state of the organisation and then implement the change process (Paton and Mccalman,2008,p.

Racism and Ethnic Discrimination Essay

Particular sectors of the population that are considered inferior based on their ethnic identities have limited socio-economic mobility and limited access to political participation, and for this reason the organization of current society reflects a situation of structural racism, which in turn perpetuates inequality. The phenomenon of institutionalized racism is covert, and is falsely considered something of the past instead of as an ongoing process that is real, still in force, and continually reproduced in social relations. While the fight against racism advances, expressions of racism become more sophisticated,4 and it intensifies other discrimination based on gender, age, geographic origin, or socio-economic status. 5 The ideology of racism is institutionalized by the State, as power and access is granted to certain groups based on the recognition of a superior culture. Racism then persists in the attitudes held by those with a voice in shaping laws, public policies, and programs, and therefore becomes imposed on the institutions and interactions that shape everyday life. One aspect that makes the analysis of racism and discrimination more complex is the fact that Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendent communities have internalized and accepted the racist structures, often reproducing those structures in their own relations. Stigmas held by certain groups against others create hierarchies that are inextricably linked to physical and cultural traits such as skin color, â€Å"grade† or â€Å"purity† of blood, clothing, and language and accents. At the international level there have been significant advances in the instruments and international mechanisms of protection and defense of the rights of Indigenous and Afro-descendent peoples. The Inter-American System of Human Rights is a notable advancement is the construction of jurisprudence on the collective rights, as well as the instruments and mechanisms established in the United Nations system. Nicaragua has ratified the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), however, it does not fulfill its commitments with respect to providing periodic information. After a complex history of external colonization that maintains Nicaragua divided in two socio-cultural realities, in the last few years a process of juridical and political recognition of multiculturalism has initiated. 6 These measures however have not contributed to transforming the State, or to guaranteeing equal opportunities of access in the construction of democracy. The central problem continues to be the form and behavior removal or diminishment of recognition, enjoyment, or exercise, under equal conditions, of human rights and fundamental liberties in political, economic, social, cultural spheres, or any other sphere of public life. 3 UN Special Rapporteur on Indigenous Peoples and CODISRA. JUN POP TIJONIK. 2006. 4 Francisco Cali. CERD Expert, Guatemala. 2006. 5 The Guatemala Human Development Report (2005), analyses the concept of social stratification, which gives evidence of the asymmetries with respect to access to development for Indigenous and Afro-descendent Peoples, having to do with difference that go beyond socioeconomic factors, and that moreover, reinforce ethnic subordination. UNDP, Guatemala. 2005. 6 This is a doctrine based on the explicit recognition of cultural diversity is established in conformance with equality of citizenship. It recognizes the existence of collectives that are historically and culturally different from the cultural group that has been in power, to which once recognized, the collective cultural rights will be guaranteed, incorporating them in laws and state institutions and creating public policies to manage the diversity. Multiculturalism facilitates the culture and the identity that are constituted in main axes of political rights and duties. 5 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 of the National State: mono-ethnic, exclusionary in its concept of citizenship and in the distribution of goods and services. The Mestizo project of the national State continues to identify the administrative structure and resources of the State with an ethnic group, its cultures, and values. Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendent communities in the Autonomous Regions, Pacific, and Central-Northern region continue to be discriminated against. Racism and inter-ethnic conflict in Nicaragua continues to be a daily reality in the lives of Indigenous and Afro-descendent people. New threats linked to globalization and internal migration also exacerbate the conflicts. Despite advances in the Indigenous and ethnic movement, as well as increased recognition of rights, it is evident that to fight against these forces there must be greater commitment, as indicated by one of the subjects interviewed for the study: â€Å"We need to operate from a feeling of the value of others and the recognition of our Miskitu, Mayangna, and Kriole brothers and sisters as human beings—as individuals that have their own values, which are worth the same as mine†¦ I need to see [others] as human beings with whom I must live, and therefore, with whom I have to create an environment of empathy where we see each other as people fighting together to move forward †¦ and for this, we will need to change our ways of feeling, thinking, and acting †¦ we will need to have concrete goals†¦to move forward hand in hand as Costenos and as Costenas †¦ and this is possible. †7 This report seeks to describe racism in a way that documents a range of experiences of discrimination, in all spheres of life. Perhaps the outlook presented here will seem quite negative, as most of the subjects interviewed were skeptical that any governmental or nongovernmental organizations are taking steps to address the problems—nor were they confident that the situation would change in the near future. Since racist and colonial structures still exist in all corners of the world, unfortunately there are few examples of anything more than incremental changes in the past few years, decades, or even centuries. However, the intention of this report is not to showcase a list of complaints, nor to assign blame to any particular group or institution. Instead, this study operates under the possibility that the process of documenting experiences of racism and discrimination can facilitate communication across sectors, and can be the first step toward taking affirmative actions to combat the ideology and practice of racism. Thus, like other documents— reports, laws, declarations, treaties—this study can only be a starting point. The real work begins when, armed with consciousness and the will to change, people choose to undertake the task of struggling together for progress. 7 Interview with Benalicia Lucas, 2 October, 2006. 6 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 2. STRUCTURE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY This study was conducted with the support of Diakonia, a Swedish international cooperation agency whose mission is to promote the respect and exercise of all the human rights of all people and to contribute to the democratization of societies for the strengthening of a democratic culture. The study carried out the objective of analyzing and systematizing racism as an ideology and an everyday practice in Nicaragua. The specific objectives were the following: 1. To establish and explain briefly the connection between racism, external colonialism and internal colonialism. 2. To characterize racism against Indigenous Peoples, Garifunas, and Afrodescendents in Nicaragua, in the cultural, social, economic, legal, and political spheres. 3. To describe the current situation and trends of the phenomenon of racism. 4. To analyze and evaluate the types of demands of the affected groups to combat racism, the affirmative actions to be taken, and the role of organized civil society in this process. 5. To analyze and evaluate the actions from the State in relation to racism at the national, regional, and international levels, identifying political strategies, programs to raise awareness, and potential results. 2. 1 Scope and methodology. The study was carried out at the national level, covering the North and South Atlantic Autonomous Regions, Indigenous Communities of the Pacific and CentralNorthern region, and Managua. Qualitative and participatory methods were used to collect the data for the study, complemented by a literature review. The methodology seeks to identify the ways in which racism manifests itself on a daily basis in the lives of Indigenous Peoples, Krioles, and Garifunas in Nicaragua. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were held with key individuals and organizations in Bilwi, Bluefields, Managua, Sutiaba, Leon, Nindiri, and Sebaco, as well as with Regional Autonomous Councils. A guide of questions was used for each interview and focus group, and is included at the end of this report (see: â€Å"Instruments Utilized. †) We recognize that knowledge of the historical construction of race in Nicaragua is indispensable to a complete understanding of the current situation; however, we consider that beyond the scope of this study. Moreover, it is important to note that policies of the State or of other institutions are by no means static. Portrayed in this study are the impressions of a variety of people based on trends and overall tendencies in the daily experience of racism, but we do not to pretend to represent all the facets of this theme, since we understand that there are other experiences and challenges that exist in Nicaragua. 7 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 Similarly, it is important to take into account the context of human development and well being in order to appreciate the full extent of the challenges faced by Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendents in Nicaragua. However, this report does not present extensive data on social, political, economic, or cultural well-being, and only refers to those indicators when directly relevant to expressions of racial discrimination or to examples of institutionalized racism. It is important to highlight that one of the limitations is the absence of a system of national statistical information with disaggregation by ethnicity or culturally relevant indicators, which makes it difficult to make comparisons. Finally, no ethnic group should be perceived as monolithic, as there is as much diversity in each group as there are shared characteristics. To assign a rigid set of values or perspectives to any ethnic group comes perilously close to contributing to institutionalized racism, as one of the basic traits of all ethnic groups is that, because they are made up of people, they are full of inconsistencies, paradoxes, and contradictions. Indeed, ethnicity is but one of many identities that we use to define ourselves, along with nationality, geographic origin, age, religion, physical and mental ability, gender, and sexual orientation. It is the intersections of these identities that determine the experience that we live as specific persons and Peoples. The report has been organized in the following order: In the first two chapters there is an introduction, the objectives are defined, and the scope and methodological aspects of the study are presented. In the third chapter the themes of racism and discrimination are analyzed using an approach based in individual and collective human rights, and concludes with various notes related to ethnic identity. In the fourth chapter the historical process of racism and ethnic discrimination in Nicaragua is analyzed in light of processes of external and internal colonization. It concludes with a discussion of new forms of colonization that Indigenous and Afrodescendent Peoples confront. In the fifth chapter the diverse forms and manifestations of ethnic discrimination in cultural, social, economic, juridical-legal, and political spheres are presented. In the sixth chapter the principal demands of Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendent communities are presented. In the following chapter there is an assessment of the responses that the State and various other actors have given to fight against racism and ethnic discrimination. In the last chapters conclusions and recommendations of the study are presented. 8 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 3. RACISM AND INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS For the analysis of discrimination for ethnic and racial motivations we have considered it appropriate to use a human rights approach. The basic premise of this approach is that a society free from discrimination should permit people to live with dignity and achieve the highest levels of humanity guaranteed by the body of international human rights laws. This requires the recognition that Indigenous Peoples and Afrodescendent communities are subjects with individual and collective rights derived from their specific historical and cultural characteristics, and that a result of racism those Peoples have not had that recognition nor conditions to exercise their human rights. Indigenous Peoples define themselves as the descendents of the original inhabitants before the formation of States that, independently of their size or level of development, maintain cultural characteristics, cosmovisions, spirituality, and harmonious relationship with nature and are guided by their own forms of organization, customs, and traditions. 8 In the case of Nicaragua, this is understood by Indigenous people as â€Å"the human collective that maintains a historic continuity with societies before colonialism, whose social, cultural, and economic conditions distinguish them from other sectors of national society, and whom are governed totally or partially by their own customs and traditions. †9 In the case of ethnic communities, these are understood as the combination of families of Afro-Caribbean ancestry that share the same ethnic consciousness, through their culture, values, and traditions, linked to the cultural roots and forms of ownership of land and natural resources. 10 Article 5 of the Political Constitution of Nicaragua establishes ethnic pluralism as a principle of the nation, and that the State recognizes the existence of â€Å"Indigenous Peoples† and indicates among their special rights â€Å"maintaining and developing their identity and culture, having their own forms of social organization, administrating their local affairs, maintaining their communal forms of property of their lands, and the enjoyment and use of those lands. † These concepts do not necessarily imply that those characteristics are static, or that a certain sample could represent the extensive diversity and forms of organization, or the distinct demands of the Afro-descendent Peoples and communities in Nicaragua. As the process of reconstructing individual and collective identities and the international and national recognition of collective rights have advanced, the members of Indigenous communities have begun to recover and live in their everyday and public lives their specific collective identities: Rama, Sumu-Mayangna, Miskitu, Chorotega, and others. Each People has more specific cultural characteristics, others that have been adapted, and others shared. ILO Convention 169. Law 445 on Property and Communal Lands. The law defines the term Indigenous community as the combination of families from Amerindian ancestry established in a territorial space that share feelings of identification, linked to the past aborigines of their indigenous people and that maintain an identity and their own values of a traditional culture, as well as forms of ownership and communal use of lands, and of their own social organization. 10 Ibid. 8 9 9 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 The concept of a People is linked to the international right established in the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and has been incorporated, without qualification, 11 in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples adopted by the UN Human Rights Council in June 2006. Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization is however the only binding instrument that refers specifically to Indigenous Peoples and tribes. In addition to the United Nations, the Organization of American States has initiated a discussion on the project of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and through a variety of considerations, observations, and recommendations, has advanced the international juridical rules referring to Indigenous Peoples. The commission and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has also had a notable process of constructing jurisprudence on collective rights within the InterAmerican system. Indigenous Peoples possess collective rights based on their historical rights and collective cultural identity, which are indispensable to their existence, well-being, and development as peoples. 12 Collective rights are human rights of the third generation that are derived from their political, social, and cultural structures, spiritual traditions, histories, and philosophy. It is also important to highlight that among collective rights are the rights to self-determination and autonomy, which are expressed through the right to conserve and their own political, juridical, economic, social, and cultural institutions, while maintaining their right to participate fully, if they desire, in the political, economic, social, and cultural life of the State from the local to the national level. 13 These rights are linked to the territorial right based on historical and ancestral usufruct, and access to the enjoyment, use and benefit from natural resources. 14 The central element in the debate on collective rights of Indigenous Peoples has been the recognition of their collective rights as peoples, and the consequent rights that are derived from that recognition. Because of the close relationship between collective rights and identity as Peoples, individual and collective identity is a process of reconstruction that depends on the degree of oppression that is confronted, the degree of cohesion of the group, their level of coordination with the grassroots, and their relations with the rest of society. Afro-descendent communities, based on their distinct ethnicity15 and the conditions of colonization, racism, and social exclusion that have been imposed on them, are subjects of collective rights. For them it has been very complex to obtain recognition of The text of the Universal Declaration adopted on June 29, 2006 by the Human Rights Council goes beyond the concept of Indigenous Peoples included in the ILO Convention 169, since it is not limited to the domain of States, and in this sense it is equal to what is established in the first paragraph of the ICCPR and ICESCR. 12 The definition of the rights of peoples is in the framework of the ICCPR and the ICESCR. 13 Universal Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Human Rights Council, United Nations. 29 June 2006. A/HRC/I/L. 10 14 Ruling in the case of Awas Tingni, Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 15 An ethnic group is one that shares common cultural characteristics and whose members recognize themselves as part of a group for reasons of relationship, solidarity, or culture. They share a name that they identify with common ancestry, historical memory, common cultural elements (religion, language, customs), and a sense of solidarity. In the case of Afrodescendents in the region, only the Garifunas share the sense of connection to the land and territory. 11 10 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 their distinct identity, because it has been associated with derogatory prejudices and the lack of clear forms of communal and cultural organization of their communities. However, the discrimination that these communities suffer is high and generally hidden. 16 The black communities, descendents of African slaves and workers of Caribbean islands as a result of the policy of colonization by the English during the 17th and 18th centuries, maintain certain common characteristics, such as their roots in African ancestry, their history of being uprooted and of slavery, and their specific customs, values, and traditions. 17 They are basically concentrated in two groups: the Garifunas and the Krioles. 3. 1 A note on cultural and ethnic identity. Ethnic identity is dynamic and complex, and can evolve over one’s lifetime according to a variety of factors, which may be incorporated consciously or unconsciously into one’s identity. It is affirmed by various elements that an individual defines for herself or himself as the criteria for a sense of belonging to a certain group, such as a set of shared values, attitudes, lifestyles, and/or customs. Similarly, cultural identity is formed based on a common ancestry, a shared historical memory, a connection to a native land, and/or common practices such as religion, language, traditions, and customs, which result in a feeling of solidarity. Each cultural group is further defined by its differentiation from others, based on cultural markers (such as language or clothing), and other attitudes and practices that are associated with a particular social group. In Nicaragua there is a mixture of shared ethnicities and cultures. Therefore, race and ethnicity cannot be defined based on blood, skin color, or physical traits, but rather, are based on the way in which one self-identifies based on a variety of cultural, social, and political factors. 18 For example, the construction of identity in the Autonomous Regions has been defined through contacts with external and internal colonization, in different historical moments, from the first contact with the English in the mid-17th century, up to the current migration of poor rural people from the central region of Nicaragua that is advancing with the agricultural frontier to the coastal regions. In addition to the specific identities of each people and community, there is also a â€Å"costena† identity promoted by these communities as a strategy of survival. 19. Racial and ethnic discrimination is the daily manifestation of racism that is expressed through behaviors differentiated according to the origin of a person. It occurs in personal relations and at each moment, but it also occurs in the institutional domain, where it is expressed in ideological constructions with which one has grown up, lived with, and been educated. Because of the fact of being internalized, it is expressed through laws, public policies, and forms of organization that are adopted by institutions within the State, as well as cooperation agencies, civil society, families, and educational centers. Its effects are both individual and collective, and in the case of Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendents it is expressed through the violation of their collective rights. 17 UNDP, Regional Human Development Report, 1999. 18 In the case of the Autonomous Regions, Law 28 recognizes ethnic self-identification as a right. 19 Similar processes have been documented in other similar contexts where there are negotiations and repositioning of actors that use symbols, and defend diverse cultural values in contexts of domination and resistance. Ong, (1999) 16.

Nordstrom Employee Issues

Does the beau monde have an ethics policy? Conflicts of rice beer Nordstrom values fair and honest relations with their customers, co actioners, suppliers, competitors and other championship partners. Directors are anticipate to uphold these values by avoiding deviations of divert. Conflicts of interest also may arise when a Director, or a member of his or her family, receives personal benefits such as gifts as a result of his or her bit as a Director with Nordstrom.Directors should determination good judgment at all times to avoid relationships that could create a real or perceived infringe of interest. If a Director believes he or she has an actual or potential conflict of interest with Nordstrom, the Director shall nonify the precede of the Corporate Governance and Nominating Committee as promptly as practicable and shall not get into in every deliberations and decisions by the Board of Directors that in any fashion relates to the matter that gives rise to the confl ict of interest.Corporate Opportunities Directors owe a duty to Nordstrom to advance its real interests when the opportunity to do so arises. Directors may not take for themselves a line opportunity (or direct a business opportunity to a third party) that is ascertained through the use of Nordstrom property, nurture or position, unless Nordstrom has already been offered the opportunity and determined that it exit not pursue that opportunity ConfidentialityEach Director, during his or her term of office, and after leaving the Board, mustiness maintain the clandestineity of information entrusted to him or her by Nordstrom and any other confidential information somewhat Nordstrom that comes to him or her, from whatever source, in his or her capacity as a Director, except when disclosure is authorized or legally mandated or when the information becomes more often than not available to the public. . How are employee and labor issues address? Nordstrom has an open door policy.Each employee has the state to deal up to create a safer work environment that supports an environment where each spate realize their potential, and contributes to the companys remnant of providing excellent customer service. If you have any questions about the Code of Conduct or have a concern about any employee or customer conduct, we indigence to hear from you. The expectation is that any concerns pull up stakes be brought up immediately. Also, in the emergence any employees observe illegal or unethical behavior, they have a responsibility to speak up.An anonymous or confidential option is also available. Call 1. 888. 832. 8358 or visit ethicspoint. com. Retaliation is Not Permitted Nordstrom impart not permit any avenging against employees who report possible misconduct, raise a concern regarding a violation of this Code, participate in an investigation or other than engage in legally protected activity. Anyone who retaliates will be subject to disciplinal action, up to an d including termination of employment. http//shop. nordstrom. com/c/nordstrom-cares-environment? rip=topnav

The Role of the Quantity Surveying Profession within the contemporary Built Environment

Before discussing the manipulation of the bill surveyor, its re unity grievous to bum close an idea ab egress the create environs where the measure surveyor makes. Simply the built surround means gracious made buildings, cities, roads and surroundings etc.. that could provide an environment for their activities. The concept of the built environment was introduced in Greece in many centuries ago in the process of developing their cities utilise grid plans. that the modern concept of built environment is outlying(prenominal) to a greater extent complex than that.Considering the contemporary built environment, with massive increase of the population in the conception on the exclusively all oer the last century piece desires be move up and became to a greater extent complicated. Similarly necessity to defend ho procedures, cities, roads, which is called built environment, has become compulsive aspect of human vivification. Since the total Surveyor is a signif icant character of constructing that built environment, he/she has to play a vital percentage in it.The Origin of the bar analyseWhat is the amount of money examine? According to the Seeley (1997), sum Surveying is a duty which would prepargon an accurate bill of quantities to be priced by tendering contractors and who would measure and value any variations that mogul occur during the progress of the works. But when considering the history of this profession, the birth of mensuration canvas carries us way back off to the 17th century. In 1666 after the Great Fire, capital of the United Kingdom was under restoration process it demand grand no. of workers like masons, carpenters and separate tradesmen. Before the 1666 all the workers mentioned above got paid daily basis. But the mountainous amount of churn needed to restore the city after the fire, it made governors to think twice and opinionated to pay for each one worker for the meter of work they had done.It me ant on behalf of the salary workers had been paid for the amount of carpentry, masonry and innovative(prenominal) works they had done. Therefore one person had to take up the drawings of the buildings and take off the measuring of work each and e genuinely trade in the complex body part and at the equivalent duration he had to prepare an hazard for the total represent. And the sum Surveying profession was evolved to the menstruation status after that incidence.History of the measure SurveyingIn early 70s thither was a misunderstanding closely the profession that accept the valuation and the measurement are covering the whole area of measuring survey. Therefore meter canvas profession was highlighted yet for its Technical role throughout that period. But measurement and valuation are only two functions coifed by step surveyors. Because of this temperament, many mint believed that the functions done by the quantity surveyor can be undertaken by any person or mold that can perform arithmetic calculations, like a com put belt downer.The QS is non a necessity in the couch of things. Any convenient and cheap method of multiplying drawings and specifications and placing copies in the hands of each estimator would answer the same purpose and get rid of the QS for good (Anon, 1889 cited in Wood, 2008).Changing roles of Quantity SurveyingDespite all the above doubts quantity canvass profession was survived and briefly regarded as one of the most expensive profession in the construction industry. Also quantity survey is being known as a high-energy profession and its skills subdivision had gone for different changes over the last decade or so. metalworker (2004) mentioned that the quantity analyse profession has faced to consider fitting changes over the last decade in terms of celestial orbit and the type of contributions provided at heart and outside the construction process. Ashworth (1981) pointed out the changing role of the quantity surveyor in new-fangled past has been significant.Traditional roles of Quantity SurveyingQuantity Surveyor Is the person who giving advices and preparing documents regarding monetary value estimating and financial section of the construction process. Thirty years ago the role of quantity surveyor was to prepare Bill of Quantities and providing Final Ac enumerations only.The conventional role of quantity surveyor is the professional who provides advice about court and financial foc development for the construction process. The traditional serve provided are considered to be of a technical basis, such(prenominal) as preparing the cost plan and the bills of quantities, tender backing and tender appraisal, interim payments, measuring and valuing variations, advising on judge final costs and preparing the final account (Burnside and Westcott, 1999).Competencies of Quantity SurveyingQuantity surveyors are likewise vigorous known as a construction economists who perform various an d wide break away of duties to support the cost effective construction working classs. The core competencies of quantity surveying profession such as determining the budgets of chucks, measuring come out quantities, preparing Bills of Quantities, cost control documents, administrating contracts, and preparing final accounts, etc.. should be maintained and enhanced in order to accommodate to changes in many areas of the construction industry since the quantity surveyors success depends not only the skills which he/she has. Practitioners need to be far to a greater extent elastic and willing to change their standard work practices than in the past (Smith, 2004). Also the RICS has introduced and highlighted some basic and nonobligatory core competencies that required of quantity surveyors to enhance their competency to face the varying construction industry and they are as follows.Competencies required of Quantity Surveyors for professional readiness (RICS)Basic competenciesCo re competenciesOptional competenciesPersonal and social skillsConstruction contract practiceArbitration & other dispute resolution proceduresBusiness skillsConstruction engine room and environmental servicesDevelopment appraisalData, nurture and teaching technologyEconomics of constructionFacilities anxietyProfessional practiceProcurement and financial counsellingInsolvencyLawInsuranceMeasurement exteriorise instructionMappingProperty investment funding query methodologies and techniquesValuationTaxation allowances & grantsApart from that, Information applied science has made huge shock on quantity surveying profession as though it is turn out out all over the construction industry. Smith (2004 2006) keep emphasized that all the professionals should have the knowledge of how to use the AUTOCAD properly and accurately and be an expertness in the field of construction without delaying. (Odeyinka, 2008)Stated that, commercially developed software packages are available univer sal to improve the exercise of quantity surveyors. Frei, (2009) also stated that with the intention of developing the productivity and high performance of the industry it is necessary to invest in entropy technology (IT) and information communication technology (ICT). RICS (1991) In 1990s and 2000s, Quantity Surveyors should be more innovative, more pro-active and more mobile to solve the problems and the changing of thickening requirements. New skills and services will be progressively developed from continuous research and developments of new techniques.Evolving roles of Quantity SurveyingThe quantity surveying profession has been able to evolve and diversify into new areas of practicing, providing a wider range of services, with the modern quantity surveyor covering all aspects of stray cost management, procurement and contract management (Lee, ditch and Willis 2011)(Menaha Thayaparan, et.al2011) Deviating from its traditional technical role, during mid-80s RICS has promot ed the role of the Quantity Surveyor as the expression Economist, terms maneuver, Procurement consultant and as a Cost Consultant (RICS, 1986 RICS, 1991). These roles have attributed more of a film directorial image to the quantity surveying profession.Since that dynamic nature of the profession, it has been shaped up to provide timely take such as cost and value management, project management, procurement consultant, quality management, risk management, arbitration, and many more non-traditional services of the construction industry without limiting to its shrink scope. QSBC (2009)Has been suggested that the role of the quantity surveyor has outspread over time beyond its main scope of financial establish adjoins not only to cover the knowledge of values, cost, dig up and materials, but also to include legal and contractual matters, like wise being a consultants on construction business and also has to be concern about developers, the government, contractors and the general project management. According to the facts which I have discussed so far, it has declared that Quantity Surveyors not only have to perform traditional roles by offering traditional services nevertheless also have to play contemporary roles by granting non-traditional or additional services to fill up the take on of this innovative and mutable construction industry.Apart from those cost concerned aspects discussed above, quantity surveyors are also needed to be conversant in construction management and procurement, contractual brass and legal aspects of construction within the modern built environment.Therefore its important to discuss about management knowledge of quantity surveyor which gives the ability to adapt to divers conditions and to solve problems bulge out in financial and contractual sectors which are very unique for each and every construction projects. In the recent past years it has been not ancient for quantity surveyors to widen their scope of profession and put themselves in a position of project tutor with the amount of experience they have got. The importance of the aim Management is growing worldwide and it has huge match on productivity and quality of the project. By using this art of leading and coordinating material and human resources in construction process called project management, Quantity surveyor will be able to complete project on time within the budget.Is a quantity surveyor an estimator, contract manager or project manager? The short answer to this question is yes, yes and yes. People from a quantity surveying background may suffer working environment compatible with any of those roles because the train qualifications acquired from the quantity surveying create the pathways (Donald Towey ,2012, pp.110)It is possible to be addicted about 5 main evolved roles of the quantity surveying profession from the information mentioned above.1. Client advocate and exemplification2. Construction designing and economics3. Constr uction homework and procurement4. Construction administration and management5. Project managementEmerging roles of Quantity Surveyingnot limiting to discussing about the changes that already has made an impact on the profession, its better to address about changes which are going to happen in airless future to the quantity surveying profession. callable to the modish economic climate over the world, there are very fewer resources available to commence new building projects. But it has become viable with the purpose of new ways to handle building project more cost-efficiently by modern quantity surveyors who has given the traditional and contemporary monetary roles.Whence, future changes of quantity surveying profession seem to be more compulsive and its influence to the construction industry should be more explored by the quantity surveyors. Sustainability, whole purport costing and the building information modeling (BIM) are the three main emerging roles of quantity surveyin g profession.When it comes to the whole life costing, it is a technique that use intentionally to improve efficiency, sustainability and also it provides clear information to the client whether the project is going to be financially viable or not after built. conniving the costs of building and the items included for its whole life is called whole life costing assessment. By carrying these assessments front to any other works which has been taken into count maintenance, operational and demolition costs of the project with the reflection of the inflation, client will be able to get best value for his money.The concept of sustainable construction is becoming more significant in the world as we are trying to bring down the environmental pollution and the greenhouse gases globally. By using recycled material, installing innovative natural sourced systems (solar systems) and introducing efficient material, labor and waste management, Sustainability can be admitted to the construction industry.Building Information Modeling (BIM) pars all details about projects design and its construction and operation process to lose the maximum efficiency at any peg of the project by using a ready reckoner generated model. (BIMIWG 2011) Furthermore, capability of identifying number of variations in design and compare them with traditional measures in a second, reduces the workload of the quantity surveyor. Also the changes has being made to quantity surveying profession with BIM is enforced by the UK government as 3D-BIM modeling will be essential luck of every project by 2016. (BIMIWG 2011)ConclusionIn brief, this report has done a critical intelligence on traditional and contemporary roles of quantity surveying, contrast and history of the profession, key and core competencies of quantity surveying and also changing, evolved and emerging roles of quantity surveying profession. Due to the changing nature of clients and the mart demand the quantity surveying profession ha s evolved infinitely during recent decades.Clients not only ask for traditional services but also request for nontraditional services like project management, procurement, construction administration in contemporary built environment. Also there are some emerging aspects like whole life costing assessments, sustainability and BIM that could add more changes to the quantity surveying profession in near future. Therefore, in order to develop their skills and practice Quantity Surveyors should be well aware of these changes and has to adapt to them quickly.