Marketing Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Advertising Analysis - Case Study Example Different food merchants asked about utilizing Texmati in their private mix program. This item has been showcased with promising outcomes, however has additionally added to an expansion in overhead and the last market cost. The product offering is at 5,000,000 yearly retail deals, and this is beneath that of prevailing brands, in any case, this is additionally an aftereffect of a 30% expansion in deals, the development is likewise because of a convergence of settlers and developing fame of ethnic nourishments. Andrews and market group are in procedure of setting the promoting and dispersion system for new fragrant rice that created called Kamati, and would be an alternate in appearance and have predominant taste, great US advertise potential, and universal deals potential is far superior, particularly in Middle East and UK where utilization of basmati rice was high. There are a few components which impact the advancement of a promoting technique for Rice Select. The first is the organization brand and product offerings that are presently available and in half of the national markets. This is the standard for promoting research and is utilized to build up what has or has not attempted to assist the business objectives. As new product offerings are coordinated with the organization brand, RiceSelect will need to imagine showcasing and conveyance procedures that envelop the item objectives. The serious market examination helps the business in understanding what other organization's degrees of commitment are. Showcasing technique likewise takes a gander at the techniques for trade among different substances just as the anticipated or saw estimations of those trades, and the way where publicizing and special procedures have influenced business trades. The fundamental brand is Texmati rice under the Master Choice name, which was generally sold in Texas markets. Texmati brand of rice was created and promoted as fragrant and tasty basmati rice, and neighborhood Texas advertising started in 1978, where deals were for the most part mass to normal wellbeing food stores. Volume, be that as it may, stayed low until promoting endeavors moved in Texas with the possible objective to coordinate retailer deals. Development into the national markets took off in 1991, when Texmati was added to a Loblaw, a main Canadian basic food item retailer, that controlled just about 40% of Canadian staple rice deals. Their authorized President's Choice marking was disseminated to Northeastern US retailers. Providing Texmati to the President' Choice brand took into account greater perceivability of Texmati on a national scale. In 1991, Jasmati, jasmine sweet-smelling strength rice, was added to the Tesmati product offering. This rice was perfect for oriental cooking and appraised exceptionally high in trials, which prompted the expansion of Jasmati as a backup to the Texmati Master Choice names. RiceTec had built up another umbrella brand, RiceSelect, product offering by 1994 intended to pass on high caliber and stand out on the store rack. This is relied upon to carry various tastes to customers as fragrant rice. The product offering extended to incorporate Italian claim to fame rice mixes and basmati rice. These new items expected to get looking on the food merchant's rack, which builds rack space for RiceSelect items and board showcasing. New advertising apparatuses were aimed at

The Use of the Atomic Bomb essays

The Use of the Atomic Bomb expositions The utilization of the nuclear bomb in World War II was a disputable and appalling site. Despite the fact that the utilization of the primary bomb on Hiroshima might be supported the utilization of the second bomb on Nagasaki was definitely not. The themes examined in this examination paper will be the explanations behind and against the primary bomb and the reasons against the subsequent bomb. The utilization of the principal nuclear bomb on Hiroshima was a fundamental advance towards winning the war with Japan. The dropping of this bomb spared numerous American lives that would have no doubt been lost in the war exertion had we chosen not to utilize the nuclear bomb. The dropping of this bomb likewise demonstrated the Japanese that we were not hesitant to do what was important to win the war and that they should give up while they got the opportunity. The dropping of this first nuclear bomb may have additionally spared Japanese lives simultaneously, as a result of the high passing pace of war. This is the reason the main bomb utilized on Hiroshima was advocated. Numerous individuals anyway feel that we were not defended in dropping both of the nuclear bombs on Japan. They feel this on the grounds that alongside aggressive individuals we needed to execute honest regular people. Numerous individuals in this gathering likewise feel that despite the fact that the nuclear bombs finished the war rapidly that we would have in the long run won in any case. It is accepted that it would have taken an expected year and a half to disable Japan enough for it to be compelled to give up. This is the reason a few people feel that America was not defended in dropping the nuclear bombs. Albeit most feel that America was legitimized in dropping both nuclear bombs a few people feel that they didn't have warrant dropping the subsequent bomb. These individuals feel that America ought to have given Japan a final proposal saying that they would drop another bomb if Japan didn't give up genuinely. The site for dropping the subsequent bomb depended distinctly upon the number of inhabitants in Nagasaki; there was no motivation to utilize the bomb on a regular citizen area. Rather than utilizing... <!

Personal Finance Concepts Investing Essay

As per the account specialists a portfolio alludes to a suitable assortment of ventures for a foundation or a solitary person. A venture portfolio is developed by monetary consultants or a retainer their primary assignment includes speculation investigation that are valuable; during buying of stocks and bonds, and different business resources. . Bluff uses his current accounts to decide his future holding and money position. Precipice fiscal report appears to spread in numerous fields, he puts resources into fixed resources and even before he could completely abuse his new venture methodology he is now putting resources into offers and bonds. Essentially this is expansion and contributing resources, for example, bonds and offers in such a situation is uncovering a high level of ones speculation in danger (Grant 2005). Bluff is a daring person thus he is bound to put resources into pay protections and outlandish speculation, for example, the values. Henceforth Cliff will in general have low money holding and offers, furthermore he isn't relied upon to hold significant levels of protections as reserve funds since his age is permits him to make some long memories to put resources into most cases age is an incredible determinate in a people sparing sum and speculation, however Cliff will in general put something aside for his likely arrangements, for example, his wedding plans, his peripheral inclination to spare will even now be very low. Since Cliff is procuring an inexact of $340000 he I expected to disseminate his acquiring to his present and future costs, An extraordinary wellspring of cliff’s funds is as far as securities and offers which are a decent method to contribute however the deficiency with Cliff’s speculation is the way that he didn't take a decent research before forcing a major total of his cash into the venture, the interest in securities and offers include a high level of hazard and hence on the off chance that they are not painstakingly inquired about on they bring high degrees of misfortunes or next to no benefits. In that light they are excluded from the development of a portfolio, rather the things that can be remembered for the development of a portfolio are investment funds, money nearby and income that is as of now achieved or the level of hazard isn't excessively high. Utilizing Cliff’s model he can spread his procuring such 30% of his complete profit is values, 40% pay protections, 20% various costs and 10 % as investment funds. The supposition that will be that precipice is a youthful daring individual consequently his protections will in general be and furthermore his investment funds and money.  Below is a case of Cliff’s portfolio: References Frasca , R, (2006) †Personal Finances: An Integrated Planning Approach, seventh Ed †Pearson Prentiss Hall Award, R (2005) †Contemporary Strategy Analysis †Blackwell Publishing Karnani, A (1981) †Business Portfolio: a logical Approach †Harvard Publishing .

President John Kennedy Was a Great President

â€Å"The undertaking of the pioneer is to get his kin from where they are to where they have not been† (Henry). This statement from Henry Kissinger is a portrayal of the Kennedy expression in office. President Kennedy took the world to an unheard of level; he prevailing in numerous assignments in his brief timeframe as president. John F. Kennedy was extraordinary president due to his inclusions in the Cuban Missile Crisis, the Space Race, the Civil Rights Movement, and the Peace Corps. On October 22, 1962, President John F. Kennedy â€Å"informed the world† that the Soviets were building cryptic rocket bases in Cuba, extremely near Florida. President Kennedy chose to take the tranquil course in dealing with is significant emergency. As President, his first move was to converse with Premier Nikita Khrushchev and request the expulsion of all rocket bases, and â€Å"deadly content† in Cuba. Furthermore, President Kennedy had â€Å"U. S. powers around the world†¦placed on alert. In excess of 100,000 soldiers sent to Florida for a potential attack of Cuba. Extra maritime vessels were requested to the Caribbean. B-52s stacked with atomic weapons were noticeable all around consistently. † (The World). He requested a maritime isolate/barricade on Cuba to keep Russian boats from carrying extra rocket and development materials to the island (Goldman). As a result of President John Kennedy’s solid endeavors to forestall this tremendous atomic war, two primary things came out of it. One of which is the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. On August 5, 1963, the United States, Soviet Union, and United Kingdom marked the Limited Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. This bargain â€Å"prohibits atomic weapons tests or other atomic blasts submerged, in the climate, or in space, permits underground atomic tests as long as no radioactive flotsam and jetsam falls beyond the country leading the test, and promises signatories to move in the direction of complete demilitarization, a conclusion to the deadly implements race, and a conclusion to the pollution of the earth by radioactive substances. † (Nuclear). Likewise, in light of the fact that President John Kennedy chose to take the serene course to settling this contest, he kept an immense atomic war from occurring, perhaps a whole new World War. Head Nikita Khrushchev portrayed it as, â€Å"The two most impressive countries had been faced one another, each with its finger on the catch. † (Nuclear). On the off chance that this other World War or huge atomic war would have happened, simply consider where we would be today. â€Å"The establishing of the Peace Corps is one of President John F. Kennedy’s most suffering heritages. † (Founding). When President Kennedy turned into the President, he pledged to assist Americans with being â€Å"active residents. † One of his first moves in office was to make the Peace Corps. The manner in which he concocted this thought of the Peace Corps was the point at which he addressed understudies at the University of Michigan during a crusade discourse and moved them to live and work in different nations to commit â€Å"themselves to the reason for harmony and improvement. † (Peace). The fundamental reason for this was so â€Å"Americans can elect to work anyplace on the planet where help is required. † (John F. Kennedy, the 35th). This answers President Kennedy’s call to â€Å"ask not what your nation can accomplish for youâ€ask what you can accomplish for your nation. † (Founding). President John Kennedy was associated with the Peace Corps. He became acquainted with the entirety of the volunteers well overall. Harmony Corps volunteers got known as â€Å"Kennedy’s Kids† in such a case that the extraordinary bond President Kennedy felt with them. Volunteers in the Peace Corps â€Å"help individuals of intrigue nations address their issues for prepared workers†, they help other people comprehend the Americas better, and furthermore to help individuals of America comprehend those of different nations. During the 1960s, the Peace Corps was hugely well known in view of his crusade discourse at the school, which supported recently graduated understudies to join and help far and wide. Starting there in time, the Peace Corps keep on developing. Today, in excess of 195,000 volunteers have served in over â€Å"139 have nations to take a shot at issues going from AIDS training to data innovation and natural conservation. † (Peace) Today’s world is a great deal extraordinary contrasted with the world during the 1960s. The Peace Corps ceaselessly change with the occasions. Individuals despite everything volunteer so a lot, and considerably more than they did during the 1960s. Issues in different nations have cut off after some time, but since of the Peace Corps, individuals can help decrease this extreme issue. The last impact of President Kennedy’s inclusion is that since volunteers went far and wide, we currently find out about others’ societies and customs. The volunteers of the Peace Corps would live in various host nations, and adjust to their environmental factors. They would gain proficiency with numerous customs and witness numerous social practices. At the point when volunteers would get back, they would impart their numerous encounters to loved ones, along these lines making it be spread and learned all through the world. In the late 1950s, the Space Race was started when the Soviet Union propelled Sputnik, the main fake Earth satellite. Starting there on, the Soviet Union and United States went head to head to be the main nation to arrive on the moon. President Kennedy expected that if the United States were not the first to arrive on the moon, that everybody would consider them to be a feeble nation that is â€Å"behind socialist Russia† (Mills), and he didn't need that picture for his nation. On May 25, 1961, President Kennedy presented the lunar landing system to congress (Mills). In a gathering between President Kennedy, VP Johnson, and Premier Khrushchev, they all concluded that overcoming space was a colossal experience. The two nations needed to show their military quality and logical predominance. Head Khrushchev needed to show that socialist innovation was predominant. As indicated by President Kennedy, â€Å"No single space venture in this period will be progressively noteworthy to humankind, or increasingly significant for the long-extend investigation of room. Furthermore, none will be so troublesome or costly to accomplish† (Mills). Without President Kennedy’s industrious flourish to enter space, we wouldn’t be the place we are today. Prior to his time, space travel was only a fantasy. Tragically, on November 22, 1963, President Kennedy was shot and murdered in Dallas, Texas for a NASA meeting or something to that affect. His VP, Lyndon B. Johnson, nonetheless, carried on his â€Å"lunar landing† wish. At long last, in 1969, space explorer Neil Armstrong was the principal man on the moon, in this manner finishing the space race among Russia and the United States. Arriving on the moon was the narrative of the century. As per a Jefferson City, MO paper, â€Å"the stroll on the moon, in spite of the fact that saw by means of TV, despite everything appears to be a part from Jules Verne’s dreams. If] the moon-walk not been broadcast, we accept there would be numerous on the planet who despite everything would be doubting† (Mills). The situation of the banner on the moon was an exceptional sight-one which will be for quite some time recalled by man, particularly the appreciative and glad Americans. In President Kennedy’s crusade for president, he guaranteed â€Å"executive, moral, and authoritative initiative to battle racial discrimination† (John F. Kennedy John). One of his first activities was to name numerous African Americans into office. One of which was Thurgood Marshall, a government judge, and he coordinated the NAACP. On account of the entirety of this, African Americans felt as though they really had â€Å"friends† in the equity office. In May of 1961, the Kennedy Administration sent authorities to ensure Martin Luther King, Jr. from a horde during the â€Å"freedom rides† (John F. Kennedy John). His Civil Rights Address was a defining moment for the nation, and this likewise implied President Kennedy might lose the south and his 1964 political race, or it would â€Å"dead lock congress† (John F. Kennedy John). Everything that President Kennedy accomplished for this Civil Rights Movement helped change the course of segregation on the planet. He shut down open showcase of segregation by passing the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which additionally endeavored to manage the issue of African Americans being denied the option to cast a ballot in the South. Additionally, his fearless Civil rights Address, which could have cost him his political race, moved a tremendous measure of individuals. It adjusts their perspectives on the subject of segregation, and in today’s world, separation is extremely thin. In these occasions ever, President Kennedy changed the world for a superior. From keeping a gigantic atomic war from occurring, to halting separation; President Kennedy is the meaning of an incredible president.

Research Report on Animal Cloning for Biological Technique

Question: Talk about theResearch Report on Animal Cloning for Biological Technique. Answer: Presentation Cloning is a natural strategy that is utilized to make another creature that is hereditarily indistinguishable from another living being. The main thought of cloning was presented by German Embryologist Hans Spemann in 1935. Be that as it may, at first, just trees and plans were cloned effectively. Creature cloning endeavors were begun a lot later around the 1980s when different species like frogs, pigs and others were utilized to create clones. The primary effective clone of a warm blooded animal was of a sheep (named Dolly) that was conceived in 1996 (Song et al., 2016). Starting there of time till now, numerous endeavors have been made to clone different species particularly basically jeopardized or wiped out species with the goal that they can be brought once again into the world. Be that as it may, the cloned creatures were conceived, the vast majority of them passed on ahead of schedule because of different organ complexities (lung issues in the greater part of the cases). In a ddition, it has been discovered that of all cloning tests led, just around 30% have been fruitful. With expanding research on cloning, thoughts have emerged in regards to the chance of cloning an individual (Bohrer Bordignon, 2016). In any case, human cloning has since been marked as illicit so as to ensure moral and strict convictions of numerous networks. Prior to this, human cloning tests have been directed and a few researchers were even effective in cloning human incipient organisms. As of late, specialists have proposed to lead cloning procedures for helpful purposes. In any case, the moral factor for such research is still under discussion (the same number of believe it to be a hazardous innovation and may bring about maltreatment of the subject) and such, no such execution has been done at this point. In this exploration report, the subject of creature cloning has been looked into in detail and its moral ramifications have been talked about. Moreover, a writing audit has been directed so as to assemble some more data on a similar point. Creature Cloning: A Detailed Research Writing Review As per Heinrichs (2017), cloning or agamic age is a typical sort of multiplication that is essentially found in certain plants and microorganisms. All plant organs can be wellsprings of agamic proliferation, yet stems are the most broadly perceived ones. Agamic increase fuses developing (jellyfish, corals and tapeworms), break (worms), and parthenogenesis (a couple of fishes, bugs, frogs and reptiles). Over the ground stems (stolons) of strawberry plants convey new plants. Underground stems join rhizomes, globules, corms and tubers. Leaves in irises and hidden establishments of aspen are furthermore wellsprings of new plants. In creatures the conceptive method is moreover widened to the point that any instrument we can imagine has quite recently been executed (Slack, 2014). The various kinds of agamic augmentation exist together with hermaphroditism and aimless outside and inward sex. Be that as it may, most of the creatures duplicate through parthenogenesis exactly at explicit condi tions. Aphids use parthenogenesis in the spring when they end up with sufficient food. Parthenogenesis is quicker than sexual multiplication and permits expedient maltreatment of open resources (Nichols, 2016). In honey bees, arranged eggs advance toward turning out to be females, while haploid unfertilised (parthenogenetic) eggs push toward turning out to be folks. In any case, it should be seen that abiogenetic augmentation of warm blooded creatures is definitely not a typically happening wonder notwithstanding the way that in mammalian age innately unclear individuals, known as monozygotic twins, do occur. According to Saliba et al. (2014), these can anyway not be viewed as clones in such manner in light of the fact that: (a) they are not the result of agamic age and (b) they share all their inherited material where misleadingly conveyed clones simply offer their middle DNA, however the mitochondrial DNA differs. Dynamic acknowledgment of agamic plant age (using joining and setti ng up) has been a run of the mill practice in agribusiness since early humankind's history. It has been used to raise and hold particularly appealing characteristics, for instance, advancement, flavor and insurance. As such, cloning is another miracle in the chronicled scenery of human headway of farm animal species (Dillen et al., 2013). The essential cloning explores creatures date from the nineteenth century. In 1891 Hans Driesch segregated the blastomeres (cells confined in the primary periods of early stage improvement) of a two-cell creating life of sea urchin precisely by shaking them in seawater. For this circumstance, one may state that individuals have used the ordinarily happening method of age of the pined for plant species. In any case, concerning develop creatures, abiogenetic expansion in nature is on a standard with non-existent. They all mirror by joining the characteristics of two individual living things. The cells started to grow unreservedly and molded two whole sea urchins (Ni et al., 2014). Following eleven years a comparative test, with near results, was performed by Hans Spemann in a vertebrate (reptile) using a hair from his youngster child to segregate the cells. Regardless, the detachment of a profitable dealing with structure and, even more basically, nonattendance of affirmation that mammalian oocytes and preimplantation nascent living beings require altogether controlled temperature for progression hampered the utilization of the technique to warm blooded animals for pretty much 80 years (Jin et al, 2017). Over the long haul the essential productive hatchling part was acted in nearby creatures with the purpose behind speedy expansion of beneficial individuals. A capable creature cloning advancement would give various new opportunities to trained creatures agribusiness, human solution, and creature insurance. Nuclear cloning incorporates the age of creatures that are genetically indistinct to the donor cells used as a piece of a procedure known as Nucleus Transfer (NT). Countless the pregnancy adversities relate to disillusionment of the placenta to make and work precisely. Placental brokenness may similarly unfavorably affect postnatal prosperity (Ogura, Inoue Wakayama, 2013). These quirks are no doubt a direct result of misguided epigenetic reproducing of the donor genome following NT, inciting ill-advised instances of value enunciation in the midst of the improvement of clones. In any case, at display it is an inefficient methodology: in dairy cows, just around 6% of the creating lives traded to the conceptive tracts of recipient bovines bring about strong, longterm enduring clones (Cibelli et al., 2013). Of concern are the high adversit ies all through brooding, in the midst of birth and in the post-natal period through to adulthood. While some physiological tests on enduring clones suggest averageness, various reports show an arrangement of post-natal clone-related varieties from the standard. This variability in result may reflect species-specific or possibly cloning methodological complexities. Essentially, to date it gives that these clone-related phenotypes are not transmitted to successors following sexual proliferation. This shows they address epigenetic goofs, rather than genetic slip-ups, which are corrected in the midst of gametogenesis. While this needs certification at the nuclear level, it gives starting trust in the chief utilization of NT in agriculture, explicitly, the formation of little amounts of cloned dairy animals from genetically reproduced bulls, for ordinary mating, to effectively scatter innate get. Despite the creature government assistance stresses with the development, the shrouded pros perity of the creatures and the critical effect on food security are essential points of view that anticipate that assessment should expand authoritative and customer affirmation (Fernandes et al., 2016). The basic system was first made in quite a while of land and water during the 1950s and was used to investigate nuclear totipotency in isolated cell peoples. In tamed creatures species, undifferentiated early stage blastomeres were first used viably in sheep, dairy cows and pigs. In later conditions, undeveloped NT has been loosened up in mice to consolidate the usage of other undifferentiated cell sorts including early stage central microorganisms got from the inward cell mass of blastocysts. Future changes in creature cloning will, all things considered, rise up out of an increasingly imperative understanding of the nuclear frameworks of rehashing. The formation of nuclear clones is a multi-step process that fundamentally creates an entire living being from the nuclear deoxyribon ucleic corrosive (DNA) of a lone advocate cell using the atomic exchange process (Yu et al., 2016). Then again, the usage of increasingly isolated cell sorts got from either creating lives, incipient organisms or most basically grown-up creatures, as because of 'Dolly' the sheep, toppled a teaching in science concerning nuclear totipotency from grown-up cells and has opened new open entryways and headings in investigate. This has been named generous cell NT to remember it from early stage NT. Approach This examination is for the most part dependent on diagnostic investigation of existing takes a shot at creature cloning just as survey of ebb and flow happenings in regards to creature cloning research works. The whole research has been done with the assistance of broad writing audit that gave adequate data in regards to the historical backdrop of creature cloning just as future extent of research. Additionally, sources like research diaries, papers and late web journals have been utilized to discover ongoing updates on creature cloning research and what the researchers are at present attempting to accomplish. Conversation the probability of exchanging the method of cell detachment and, consequently, of using

Dos and Donts of B2B Marketing

Do’s and Don’ts of B2B Marketing The emergence of B2B marketing as the prevailing attitude of e-commerce today has influenced all that has a part in the market. From purchasing materials to their processing towards specific products, placement on the market, purchase systems and distribution to consumers; as well as service development through training and qualification courses within e-learning systems which have also entered content marketing domains businesses implement inbound techniques to optimize their productivity whether in relation to each other or towards the consumers. © Shutterstock.com | designer491Business-to-business marketing has begun to implement new content-based strategies and channels in relations between providers and buyers in the past few years. Studies show that these tendencies are going to grow in the following years. We have, hence, decided to provide basic introduction to how B2B marketing works and pointed out the differentiation points in reference to business-to-customer marketing as well as incorporated a list of advisable and avoidable strategies for B2B marketers. Read through sections 1) Introduction to B2B Marketing; 2) B2B Marketing Do’s and 3) B2B Marketing Don’ts and acquire valuable insights regarding the matter.INTRODUCTION TO B2B MARKETINGBusiness-to-business or B2B marketing is the management of the whole of processes in commerce between business entities with the end goal of providing according to consumer demand. In other words, the final objective of B2B marketing is to secure adequate transformation of mate rials into products, as well as their storage and distribution, in order to be placed on the market and generate revenue.When the B2B marketing discipline emerged in the early 1990s, its approaches were frequently identified with the techniques used in customer marketing. However, in the past fifteen years, its strategies diversified according to necessities of specific processes in the discipline. New tendencies towards content marketing and engagement, as well as documentation of strategies, are showing significant growth in B2B marketing.Here are some up-to-date statistics on content management in B2B marketing:70% of B2B marketing enterprises are increasing content amounts through social media (especially LinkedIn and Twitter), articles on websites, eNewsletters, blogs, in-person events, case studies, videos, webcasts and webinars, infographics, etc.35% of B2B marketing enterprises implement documentation of content strategies and report high-efficiency.Organizational goals of B 2B enterprises for the following year are raising brand awareness (84% of enterprises), generating leads (83%), inducing engagement (81%), increasing sales (75%) and nurturing leads (74%).55% of B2B enterprises intend to increase budgets or content marketing in 2015.The detrimental features of business-to-business marketing are those related to the amount of customers in relation to providers and those of financial nature â€" significantly larger amounts of money are in play in the B2B market than is the case with general consumer market. These properties affect differences in business marketing management which will be discussed later in the text.[slideshare id=26704085doc=b2bresearch2014cmi-130930124820-phpapp01]Decision Matrix in B2B MarketingBusiness to business marketing process involves complex decision-making units (DMU) due to different low/high business risk and low/high financial value relations. These relations change with reference to different target audiences (DMU’s of the potential buyer/seller) and involve specific DMUs accordingly: purchase, technical and legal with varying levels of expertise. This is necessary in order to optimize communication and end results of collaboration.B2B and B2C Marketing Comparison B2B product presentation is usually more complexWhile consumer products frequently target appeal and usefulness on a superficial level, B2B products require profound technical expertise in the field of a potential purchase. A buyer in B2B interaction is not interested in the appearance of the product as much as in specifications in its production, features and functionality, as well as the post sales, support management and issue resolution strategies of the seller.Consequently, the potential continuous large-scale relationship in B2B greatly depends on the (mostly technically focused) ability and expertise of salespeople to provide sufficient amount of valuable data. B2B has lower number of buyers but longer-terms buyersThe B2B marke t is comprised out of roughly 80% of providers in relation to a mere 20% of buyers. In addition to this ratio, the number of buyers is significantly lower than in B2C market. Moreover, the financial revenue from particular customers is higher as is the differentiation in the value of key accounts and other customers for a business.Further on, customers in the B2B market require stronger post-sales support and are likely to opt for a long-term relationship with their providers because of the specific nature of products and services acquired. B2B are more rationalRational management is one of the essential approaches undertaken in B2B marketing. Marketers choose comprehensive strategies to create cohesive brands without too much sub-categorization in order to clearly provide according to their customers’ demand. Proper research and implementation of findings, as well as quality products/services, are something B2B enterprises incorporate vigorously because their customers are more p erceptive and circumspect. B2B has fewer behavioral and needs-based segmentsDue to the smaller amounts of customers as well as, the lesser differentiation between target audience’s particular needs, B2B enterprises have fewer segments of customers and are divided on more of technical than behavioral basis. Frequent segmentation in B2B marketing includes focusing on price, focus on brand and quality, service focus and focus on partnership audiences. These segments are managed according to their characteristics but also based on the strategic importance of the buyer for the enterprise. B2B has higher importance of relationshipB2B marketers must exploit the benefits of customer engagement management strategies in order to ensure retention of key accounts: personalized approach in B2B takes form of a partnership (in addition to timely supply of required products, buyers are looking for stockholders, technical consultants, long-term support and other valuable services which will differ entiate their supplier from competition).As a consequence of the necessity of building a solid relationship with customers, B2B marketing gravitates to sales and technical support as means of promotion more than anything else. In-person meetings and trade shows are what is most invested in when cultivation of relations is in question. B2B drives less innovationIn opposition to risk taking tendencies in innovation of B2C marketing which are caused by the growing need for differentiation, B2B marketers are all in a somewhat similar situation (being recklessly innovative would be unproductive) and build innovation from quality research and collected information on trends which have been established upstream so as to create a sustainable market.[cp_modal id=cp_id_75506] [/cp_modal]B2B MARKETING DO’SDo Prioritize Measurable ObjectivesRather than focusing solely on diagnostics such as database size or lead scores, you should use them as means of objective measurement of activity and potential conversion through stages of customer lifecycle. This way you will be able to have qualitative and quantitative results in reference to the market. Consequently, you will be able to prioritize your objectives of measurement depending on your current state. For example, if you are attracting a lot of prospects, you will focus on qualifying their receptiveness for potential conversion, nurturing their engagement through expert content presentation (within your industry) and acquisition of new ones.Do Articulate your Business in a Customer-focused WayRelationship construction is crucial for successful B2B marketing management so you should implement an outside-in perspective when structuring your campaigns. The holy grail of marketing is being able to articulate o ffers to customers not as sales but as means to reach their preferred ends (because a customer essentially does not want a drill, they want a hole). An outside-in perspective, i.e. examination of your target audience will provide insights on what to focus on. However, incorporate these insights into something your visions because brands satisfy customer’s desires but are autonomous at the in the process.Do Target your Customer SegmentationProper allocation of investment (of time, money and personnel), as well as the efficiency of your overall marketing endeavors, depends on the determination of segment characteristics in your target customers. Such results are obtained by data collection, analysis as well as interaction. The more informed you are of your potential buyers, the more you will be able to answer their particular needs.Do Perform Content MarketingIn order to make your customer more knowledgeable about your business and its products as well as services that accompany it (post-sales support, technical consultation, etc.) you should implement content marketing strategies. Identify and align content with regard to all of the stages of the customer journey and present it through the implementation of effective tactics â€" such as social media, in-person communication, blogs, newsletters and a variety of others.Content marketing strategies introduce your business to prospects as well as general public and as such serve as an excellent technique for branding a company and expanding its clientele.Do Invest your Effort in Skill Development, Expansion and Retention of CustomersBuyers in the B2B market have more knowledge of the industry within their purchase necessities and a higher awareness of what their needs are (as opposing to the consumer market). In order to prevail in B2B market, you have to invest in personnel skills (especially sales and technical departments) and expansion of qualifications so your company could communicate with customers and del iver according to demand on a satisfactory level.Moreover, as there are fewer customers in the B2B market, it is essential to focus time and money on their retention. As we have mentioned above, B2B marketing aims at attracting long-term highly profitable accounts.Do Share your Knowledge and Even Some Trade Secrets with your B2B CustomersAs relations between a customer and the provider in B2B marketing resemble a partnership, it is advisable to let your prospects know what and how you are doing the things they require. Sharing some trade secrets will convince your customers of your expertise and competence. Presenting content (such as webinars, courses or ebooks) should be free because it builds the most positive relationship with prospects. Your target customers are not willing to perform these operations and processes by themselves, but they want to be well informed in matters of their investment (because these investments are significantly higher than in the B2C market).Examples of Successful B2B Marketing StrategyIncorporation of content and its channels into B2B marketing strategies:Evernote is using e-mail and video marketing to promote and stimulate free trials of their services for other businesses. The campaign comprises out of e-mail recommendation for ‘how-to’ videos on their landing pages with specific features according to the type of business they are targeting.Hubspot launches consecutive e-mail and landing pages campaigns through which they promote free content in forms of e-books and webinars. They are providing insightful knowledge in their field and are thus building engagement towards their business among potential customers.Nokia Solutions and Network Users established a PowerPoint database on Slideshare where they share knowledge and expertise with customers. It is a way of proving authority as well as involvement with target audiences.Petrofac, which is an oil industry company, offers case studies for raising understanding of their a rea of expertise based on the type of service or project a prospect might be interested in. In this way, they are informing prospects but also presenting themselves as expert potential business collaborators.Simply Business have created diverse guides for Google+, social media management and other forms used for marketing optimization. They target their content to small businesses and in doing so promote their services of business insurance.B2B MARKETING DON’TSDont Rush with your B2B CustomersCreating an instantaneous network of customers is not only virtually impossible nowadays but it is also not sustainable if there is no substance in your business. Instead of chasing buyers, take time and focus on building a comprehensive union of expertise, skilled employees and targeted marketing strategies for diverse stages of customer lifecycle which will be based on thorough examination and analysis of the current market. Form a brand and the customers will come. In order to do so, consu lt with experienced brand experts so as to invest the adequate amount of time, money and effort in all of your processes.Simultaneously begin customer engagement processes and create a solid audience base that can be nurtured into customers.Dont Pretend you Have Products you Cannot OfferDo not employ traditional tactics such as deceiving prospect regarding the products or services you offer. Bear in mind that amount of customers is not endless; if you prove to be a fraud (in any sense) you will lose not only your existing prospects, leads and customers but also the chance to bring in new ones (word of mouth travels fast).Dont Copy CompetitionThe quality of service and expertise, as well as the realization of projects, is what differentiate you from competition. Claiming to have something better than your competition or copying their successful endeavours will most likely result in mediocre products and services as well as inconsistency in realization â€" in other words, it will brin g more trouble than profit.Dont Overdo MarketingSocial media in B2B marketing serves as a discussion platform not the presentation of useless information. Hence, your content marketing should promote your products and services but not advertize them â€" content must be built as niche-oriented and customer-focused. Form a comprehensive and all-encompassing marketing strategy with specific objectives every step of the way but make sure you are subtle and useful in your endeavors towards prospects.Dont Overdo with the DataWe have mentioned numerous times the importance of data analysis and documentation of strategies for B2B marketing. However, a massive amount of data which does not have applicable properties and actual value is completely useless. Determine which activities need to be monitored and documented and why. In other words, choose metrics that will be beneficial in the realization of your objectives. Do not collect data for its sake (it is time and finance consuming as well as utterly pointless).While quality and a holistic approach to the market is something highly advisable to entrepreneurs who interact with consumers as it ensures long-term profitability, in the business-to-business market, these properties are a necessity. It is practically impossible to become a brand without careful examination of the market and prospects. By analyzing these observations, you can determine the amounts and types of investment in certain stages of the customer journey and thus structuralize your campaigns in most productive manners. Distribution of content among your prospects will enhance acquisition process as well as attract new prospects and leads. The tools of inbound marketing will enable continuous monitoring of your existing customers and their behavioral patterns that will be beneficial for the establishment of perpetual relations. These relations will influence not only the longevity of your business but also its scope. Consequently, proper marketing man agement can maximize the possibilities of overall business management. 560 â€" Do’s and Donts of B2B Marketing

Instability in Maud - Literature Essay Samples

Instability, in its most basic sense, is something not likely to change or fail, this is a feeling or fear explored across various themes in Maud. Across the private and public spheres, instability is recognized in the mind, politics, existence, gender and class. Even the form of the poem itself is persistently unstable with a predominant trend of trimeter with the incorporation of tetrameter at irregular intervals. These serve to ‘disrupt the established order’ and echoes the narrators own mental and personal instability as it is manifested in the rhythm of his dramatic monologue. The form of the extremely personal first person narrative allows the reader to explore the instability of the narrator’s mind fully. The reader is absorbed into the unstable mind of the narrator who’s mind, from the beginning, is morbidly and determinedly obsessed with death. It is hard not to observe the instability of a man who’s opening discourse is fueled by the semant ic field of death ‘hate’, ‘blood-red’, ‘death’ as he mourns the death of his father. The inferred suicide of the narrators father gives scientific weight to the instability of Tennyson’s narrator as Victorian psychological advances stressed the force of heritage and genetics on a man or woman’s mental health. On another level, Rader believed the suicide of the narrator’s father could mirror Tennyson’s own instability in the suicide of his own father (1) Tennyson had a ‘family history of mental instability’ which is indirectly recorded and reflected upon in this poem, perhaps addressing fears for his own mental sanity and stability. The vicious description of the dead father’s body ‘mangl’d, and flatten’d and crush’d, and dinted’ uses polysyndeton and contracted adjectives which contribute to the blunt and morbid effect of Tennyson’s description. His overly brutal description of the body unleashes the narrator’s and perhaps his own instability in the form of confused anger and devastation. It also infers that the father’s own mental instability, such that led to his suicide, has already manifested itself in the narrator as he is consumed by morbid instability. However, as suggested by O’Gorman, perhaps Maud is rather a declaration of Tennyson’s own stability. That is, in the context of ‘In memoriam’ which was ‘a meditation on types of posthumous return’ or the Victorian ‘ghostology’ (2) Maud is perhaps a response to this and an ‘expressive of the poets desires to place his feet more firmly on the ground’. Maud could be a maturation or rebuke for ‘an earlier inclination to yield to the chimerae produced by grief’. Though Tennyson’s morbid fascination with the dead or posthumous has not ended, that which is dead remains dead, unlike the surrealist haunting found in ‘In Memoriam’ ‘wild and wandering cries’. Whereas ‘In Memoriam’s’ elegiac form does have resonances in ‘Maud’ the latter is not overshadowed or haunted by ghosts as ‘Memoriam’ had been criticized for. On the subject of ghostliness, the narrators mental instability also extends to his sexual desires. The scene’s sexual dynamic is explored though Maud’s presence as a ‘glorious ghost’, emphasized by Tennyson’s alliteration. Despite Maud’s ‘living deadness’ she is still the object of his sexual desire which animates a ‘sudden desire’ within him, adding a ‘frisson of necrophilia to the scene’s sexual dynamic.’ (3) Maud’s ghostlike presence leads to an exploration of the instability of her very existence. Throughout the poem, Maud’s very existence is made ambiguous by Tennyson. ‘She is but dead’ This could suggest one of two things. Firstly that Maud is literally dead, alternatively a metaphorical dead to the narrator following the killing of her brother. Such ambiguity is explored by Tennyson again. ‘She comes from another stiller world of the dead.’ Which could imply that Maud is dead and he feel he is being haunted but this could also be hallucinatory grief. (4) Once again, Maud’s very existence is incredibly unstable as she exists only in a sort of literary limbo. Not empirically alive or dead yet present even to the poem’s closing lines. Surely this is the ultimate form of personal instability, what was once mental instability has penetrated the rest of her (not) existence. It is not only Maud who is associated with the dead. The narrator’s mental instability seems to be accelerated as he fascinates and fetishizes the prospect of being buried alive. ‘Why have they not buried me deep enough’ as he even ruminates on what he can hear and how deep he has been buried. This strong pervading sense of nihilism stems from ‘deconstruction of the narratives by which Western culture has sought to order human life’ and exposes extremes instability in a clash between the narrators already unstable mind and the pressures and conventions of society and culture. (5) Another type of instability is that between the narrator and Maud themselves. Even the narrator’s opinion is extremely unstable, that is, vulnerable to change. He originally felt ‘you are all unmeet for a wife’ the pronoun ‘you’ adds an extremely accusatory and angry tone to his stream of consciousness. It is not long until he can no longer resist her beauty and attraction ‘dream of her beauty with tender dread.’ However, despite the overarching sense of passion Tennyson is quick to remind us of instability. Firstly with the oxymoron ‘tender dread’ and secondly with the antithesis of ‘dread’ and ‘beauty’. Perhaps he is still referring to the narrator’s efforts to resist Maud or perhaps he is touching on something darker. The instability of their love or their ability to love, a struggle or imbalance between love and underlying morbidity and mental health issues. Another form of instability expressed in Tennyson’s Maud is instability in the public sphere, especially relating to the Crimean war. Maud is overheard singing ‘a martial song like a trumpet’s call’ with the use of a simile which brings to mind instant connotations of war and battle. The most recent of which would be the Crimean war, a war which ‘was notoriously marked more by dissonance than by harmony’. A war which Tennyson critiqued largely in his poem The Charge of the Light Brigade, which follows six hundred men who unwittingly charge into the ‘valley of death’. Markovits argues that Tennyson’s unspecified war song in Maud could be filled with The Charge of the Light Brigade, a poem published while he was working on Maud as it recognizes ‘the presence of a set overlapping concerns: a common confusion as to the relationship between public and private selves, fascination with suicide and the expression of the hermen eutics of uncertainty.’(6) It is therefore not unreasonable to assume that these two poems, written at the same time, are linked in their dissonance of the Crimean war failures. If so, the instability of the public sphere of the ‘they’ in Battle of the Light Brigade has seeped into the instability of the ‘I’ in Maud as it did historically (people’s outrage ending in the toppling of the Aberdeen ministry). Instability is also explored across gender and class issues which work at the forefront of Maud’s narrative. These instabilities foreground political, public and private, issues of class and gender tension. There is an instability in the ‘conflict between different models of masculinity shown. That is to say, the form of masculinity the narrator chooses to adapt, is also subject to change and therefore unstable. ‘And ah for a man to arise in me / that the man I am may cease to be’ the pronoun ‘a’ which distances himself from the type of man which he seems to wish to be, furthers this instability by creating literary distance between the gender ideal he is and one he is trying to become. This in turn, highlights the sense of instability, greatening it. Moreover, Maud is presented as a character who should not exist amidst the instability of Victorian gender politics it is the class or economic power in combination with patriarchal views which wi ll ‘annihilate her’. As she is seduced into marrying the ‘new made lord’. Marion Shaw probingly observes ‘She must die to save herself from death.’ (7) Maud’s own gender, that is to say her own inherent femininity is unstable as it is entirely denied. This is avoided of course through her ‘death’ not as a means to threaten the stability of her existence but that of her gender and the roles and conventions demanded by it. In conclusion, instability is explored across a range of social issues, both public and private the most unstable clash of all being that of the public and private spheres of life. Maud is a highly political poem that ventures beyond the instabilities of its two main characters into the ream of political dissonance, a world highly unstable during the highly unpopular Crimean war of Tennyson’s era. It’s themes of instability are further expressed when observed in comparison to ‘In Memoriam’ and ‘Charge of the Light Brigade’ which reflect on unstable issues such as the Crimean war but also of the instability or stability of Tennyson’s own personal life. Works Cited 1) Rader, R. (1978). Tennysons Maud. Berkeley: University of California Press. 2) O’Gorman F. (2010). What is haunting Tennysons Maud, Victorian Poetry 58.3 3) O’Gorman F. (2010). What is haunting Tennysons Maud, Victorian Poetry 58.3 4) Markovits S (2009) Giving voice to the Crimean war, Victorian Poetry 47.3 5) Stott, R. (1996). Tennyson. Routledge 6) Markovits S (2009) Giving voice to the Crimean war, Victorian Poetry 47.3 7) Marotti, A. (1993). Reading with a difference. Detroit: Wayne State Univ. Press

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Maia Davis Orlando/4A English 2302 Research Paper: Aphra Behn In a time when very few authors - let alone female authors - could support themselves through their craft, Aphra Behn was a well known and highly regarded writer in London. She wrote many plays for the London stage, penned poetry, and wrote what some consider the first English novel (though others consider it a novella or a somewhat long short story). Much of her work decries the unequal treatment of women in her era, and she suffered the consequences of these claims by enduring harsh criticism and even arrest. Aphra Behn, one of the most influential dramatists of the late seventeenth century, was also a celebrated poet and novelist. Her contemporary reputation was founded primarily on her scandalous plays, which she claimed would not have been criticized for impropriety had a man written them. Behn s assertion of her unique role in English literary history is confirmed not only by the extraordinary circumstances of her writings, but by those of her life history as well. Not much is known about the early life of Aphra Behn; one scholar describes the author as having a lethal combination of obscurity, secrecy and staginess, which makes her an uneasy fit for any narrative, speculative or factual† (Todd 1). Best estimates place Behn s birth in Kent, on December 14th of 1640. She was born to Elizabeth Denham and Bartholomew Johnson; it is believed that her father was a barber. Because her mother cared for

Barbara Sizemore An Effective School System Essay

Barbara Sizemore: An Effective School System Dr. Barbara Sizemore was a teacher, principal and superintendent who was extremely passionate in her efforts to advance the opportunities of low income African American students (Bradley, 1996). She implemented several educational tactics, such as the development of the teacher and new school policies to create the school achievement structure program (Bradley, 1996). To enhance the learning experience of the African Americans and low income students, Sizemore made the school system suitable for all types of students. She did not strive to accelerate and advance the educational environment of the African American student body exclusively, but sought to improve the entire structure of the school system in general (Bradley, 1996). Barbara Sizemore achieved to be an effective member of the African Diaspora through creating an effective school system, proving the disadvantage in desegregation, and the creating her school achievement structure program. BIOGRAPHY Dr. Barbara Sizemore was born in Chicago, Illinois on December 17, 1927, to Sylvester and Delila Lafoon. (National Visionary Leadership Project). Sizemore attended Northwestern University in 1944 to receive her degree in classical languages. She later returned to Northwestern University for her Master’s Degree in Elementary Education in 1954. After serving as a teacher, Sizemore became the first black female principal in Chicago (NLVP). She served as principal at

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In Lorraine Hansberry’s â€Å"A Raisin in the Sun†, she uses the African American Younger family as a representation of the entire race’s struggle for the American Dream. America has always had slogans such as â€Å"the land of the free† and â€Å"liberty and justice for all†. The Younger family is finding out, like generations before them, the American Dream isn’t at all what it seems if you’re black. The family eagerly awaits the insurance check from the death of their father, while living a life of constant struggle and hardships, in a Chicago neighborhood, on the Southside of town. Each member of the family has their own dream which they believe would better their life and also keep happiness in the family. Hansberry uses the dreams of the main†¦show more content†¦The play focuses primarily on the dreams motivating its main characters. These dreams function positively by lifting their minds from their tough lifestyles and hard work, and negatively by creating even more dissatisfaction with their current situations and by placing emphasis on materialistic goals rather than on familial pride and happiness. Hansberry argues that if people attempt to do their best for their families, they can lift each other up. Lena, the matriarch of the family, wants to put a down payment on a new house with a yard, and fulfill a dream which she shared and conceived with her late husband, who had been worked to death like a slave. She also dreams of stability and happiness for her children. Ruth, mother and wife, has a similar dream to that of Lena. She would like a room for her son Travis, and their own bathroom. â€Å"She dreams as one of those triply oppressed by society—as worker, as African American, and as woman† (Baraka 13). Lena’s son, Walter Lee, has his own dreams. â€Å"He is the chauffer to a rich white man and dreams of owning all and doing all the things he sees ‘Mr. Arnold’ do and own† (Baraka 13). Walter Lee wants to be rich and he devises a plan, with his friends, to acquire wealth. He wants to use the insurance money to invest in a new liquor store venture. He thinks that an investment like this will solve his family’s financial problems for ever. InShow MoreRelatedThe Great Playwright s Life Story2415 Words   |  10 PagesBefore the relatively short life of Lorraine Hansberry tragically ended, the African-American playwright distinguished herself in American theatre and literature as she creatively and unknowingly challenged the views of African-American life, among other inescapable issues of the nation and the world, on the theatrical stage. The great playwright’s life story began on May 19, 1930. Although born during a time of hardship introduced by the Great Depression, Hansberry grew up rather comfortably in

Physiographic Contrasts Between Australia and New Zealand

1. Describe the physiographic contrasts between Australia and New Zealand. In other words, how are the two countries geographically different? Australia is a vast, dry, low-relief interior, while the island of New Zealand is mountainous with a temperate climate. Australia is one of the oldest rock on the planet, situated in the center of the Australian Plate. New Zealand is younger, therefore less stable because of it location along the Ring of Fire, having plenty of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions, however, Australia has neither of these phenomenas. The elevation differences is considerable, as Australias highest point, Mount Kosciosko is lower than the entire elevation of New Zealand, with its high point at Mount Cook. Along Australias low relief region there are plateaus, plains, and the Great Artesian Basin provides essential water to the desert country. In the southern half of Australia were are predominant river systems, which contains mineral wealth. Australias physiographic benefits the country, while New Zealand see it as obstacles, and while they both are surrounded by oceans from every angle, these two countri es vary in many ways governmental, economically, and socially. 2. In what ways is the huge Southern Ocean different or unique? The Southern Ocean is only viewed once you turn the globe upside-down, placing Australia and Argentina at the top of the globe. Viewing the globe upside-down allows us to see the vast ocean that encircles Antarctica, which is

Convictions Paper Free Essays

Convictions 1 Convictions Ohio Christian University CM3000 – Christian Excellence Convictions 2 We all live our lives according to our set of personal convictions. Personal convictions are the blueprints that guide us down the path of life. We generally obtain our core convictions during childhood based on our culture, where we live and our religious beliefs. We will write a custom essay sample on Convictions Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now It is probably safe to say that no two people will have the exact same convictions because each of our experiences and backgrounds vary in some manner. When thinking about convictions, I am reminded of the following scripture; â€Å"One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth every day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind† (Romans 14:5). Although the Bible does not specifically mention convictions, I am sure that Paul was talking about each person’s individual convictions. In the book Christian Excellence Alternative To Success written by Jon Johnston, he tells us that there are four pitfall concerning convictions that we have to be aware of: 1. Superstitious Convictions 2. Convictions that attract attention for selfish egos . Convictions generated by an unwillingness to change 4. Convictions that are negative Convictions 3 Convictions that are Superstitious As a professed Christian, I have often been guilty of looking at horoscopes and once for a lark, going to a psychic. However; even when I was indulging in each of these activities I felt a little squeamish. I was taught to believe that God alone knows our futures. By reading the horoscopes and going to the psychic, I was not being true to my religious convictions. As Christians, we have to be careful to stay away from anything that opposes biblical teaching. When we indulge in something that is superstitious it advocates faith in something other than God, and it is a form of divination. We cannot determine God’s will for our lives through horoscopes or psychics. As Christians, we are to read the Bible and pray to God in order to gain wisdom and guidance. Convictions that Attract attention for a selfish ego Matthew 6: 16-18 states, â€Å"â€Å"Whenever you fast, do not put on a gloomy face as the hypocrites do, for they neglect their appearance so that they will be noticed by men when they are fasting. Truly I say to you, they have their reward in full. â€Å"But you, when you fast, anoint your head and wash your face so that your fasting will not be noticed by men, but by your Father who is in secret; and your Father who sees what is done in secret will reward you,† (King James). For me, this is the essence of not attracting attention for a selfish ego. Everything that we do should be for the Glory of God and not the approval of man. When we live by convictions based on what man thinks, we open our heart to sin, including the sin of egotism. Lucifer, who was one on God’s most glorious creations, fell from grace due to his ego. Convictions 4 When we allow ourselves to be reeled in by our egos, we put ourselves in the â€Å"first place† that belongs only to God. In effect we are separating ourselves from depending on God. I have to be very careful of using the words I and me. I have overcome a lot of issues and now have a great life. However; I try and always remember to leave ego out and remember that it was by and thru the Grace of God. Convictions generated by Unwillingness to Change In the textbook Christian Excellence Johnston says, â€Å"Today, some of us slide into a â€Å"conviction rut† in order to avoid facing change† (p. 132). My Father was 32 years older than my Mother. I was born when my father was 52 and my sister when he was 56. My Father was born in 1910 and had grown up thru the depression and under conditions that were vastly different from my sister and I. My Father had to make many changes in his thoughts, actions and attitudes to ensure that he was able to be the best Father in the world. This included going places he was not used to and participating in activities foreign to him so that we could navigate a modern life. I am absolutely certain this was difficult for him, but because of the love he felt for us he was willing to change. Often when people are unable to accept change, they become isolated. I don’t think by making changes in our lives we have to go against God. Titus 3:5 states, â€Å"He saved us, not because of works done by us in righteousness, but according to his own mercy, by the washing of regeneration and renewal of the Holy Spirit,† (King James). The scripture speaks of renewal and regeneration and they both require change. We have to be able to change our attitudes in order to ge Convictions 5 along with others. Johnston is not saying that we have to change our values, but we have to be willing to adapt ourselves to situations. In the textbook, he gave an example of how some were not willing to accept new medical advances. I am one who believes that God provides the knowledge available to Doctors to save lives. Accepting the benefits of medical technology is a form of being able to accept change. The Jews wandered in the wilderness for 40 years because they were unable to accept change. They were unable to move beyond the life of slavery and cruel masters to the lives that God had ordained them. Their inability to accept change induced them to be grumblers and complainers. It literally isolated them from God. Convictions that are Negative In the course of life, I have heard dialogue from some Christians and thought to myself, â€Å"they do not inspire anyone to become a Christian. † This was due to their negativity. It seemed as if everything was a sin. They treated everyone else as a condemned sinner not worthy of God’s love. Alfred A. Montapert said, â€Å"Avoid destructive thinking. Improper negative thoughts sink people. A ship can sail around the world many, many times, but just let enough water get into the ship and it will sink. Just so with the human mind. Let enough negative thoughts or improper thoughts get into the human mind and the person sinks just like a ship† (worldofquotes. com). Jesus encountered many negative people even while he was attempting to save them from sin. Even one of the men hanging on the cross with Jesus instead of asking for mercy, went to his death a pathetic and negative person. When we are negative, are hearts are heartened to good news. I think this is a sin. The Bible admonishes us to â€Å"In the same way, let your light shine Convictions 6 before men, that they may see your good deeds and praise your Father in heaven,(Matthew 5:16). As Christians one of our primary roles is to lead others to Christ. When we are negative and sour faced we are unable to do that. In closing, although we all do have different convictions, If we are Christian, we have a common denominator, Jesus Christ. I think we have to occasionally examine our convictions and determine if they are Christ like. We have to determine if we have wrapped ourselves in a self-righteous cloak of convictions that is more worldly than Godly. Convictions 7 References Johnston, J. (1996). Christian Excellence Alternative To Success. Second Edition. JKO Publishing. Franklin, Tn. World of Quotes. Retrieved March 2012. Alfred A. Montepert. http://www. worldofquotes. com/Negative: How to cite Convictions Paper, Papers Convictions Paper Free Essays Convictions are defined as: 1. An unshakable belief in something without need for proof or evidence. 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Convictions Paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Criminal law) a final judgment of guilty in a criminal case and the punishment that is imposed; â€Å"the conviction came as no surprise†. 3. The act of convicting; the act of proving, finding, or adjudging, guilty of an offense. 4. A judgment of condemnation entered by a court having jurisdiction; the act or process of finding guilty, or the state of being found guilty of any crime by a legal tribunal 5.  The act of convincing of error, or of compelling the admission of a truth; confutation 6. The state of being convinced or convicted; strong persuasion or belief; especially, the state of being convicted of sin, or by one’s conscience. .[Websters] As we look at convictions in our lives it is important for us to discern where those convictions are rooted and based. Not all convictions are always rooted in God. Some convictions are little more than superstitions which are based on a notion or illusion. There is a distinct difference between feelings and conviction†¦. Feelings are defined as, â€Å"an awareness of something; a notion or belief not based on reason; emotions rather than intellect. † We need to be sure that we are grounded in what God tells us. There are many voices that we hear; of these we have the voice of self, the voice of the world, and the voice of God. We should be able to determine whether the convictions we hold true to us and follow are from God or another voice. This only becomes possible by knowing God’s voice from the other voices we hear on a regular basis. The bible tells us â€Å"The sheep that are My own hear and are listening to My voice; and I know them, and they follow Me. † (John 10:27 Amplified Bible) I cannot personally recall a time when I held convictions that were not in line with God’s word but there have been times in my life that I feel my thought process slipping of course and need to align myself with God’s through time in his Word. For the Word of God is quick, and powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword, piercing even to the dividing asunder of soul and spirit, and of the joints and marrow, and is a discerner of the thoughts and intents of the heart. † (Hebrews 4:12 KJV) Convictions that attract attention for a selfish ego puts us first rather than putting God first, these convictions are often rooted in pride or a desire for attention. Being in the spotlight and gaining attention can be attractive but as we know as Christians we must die to ourselves and seek to put God first in every area of our lives. The Bible speaks in many places of how God feels about pride. â€Å"To fear the LORD is to hate evil; I hate pride and arrogance, evil behavior and perverse speech. † (Proverbs 8:13 NIV). And in (Romans 2:8 NIV) â€Å"But for those who are self-seeking and who reject the truth and follow evil, there will be wrath and anger. † Some convictions are generated by an unwillingness to accept change. It happens sometimes we get comfortable with how things are and how things have been and in general change can be difficult. In change lies a fear of the unknown. Sometimes we fail to see that along with change come opportunities for growth. The Bible tells us â€Å"God is our refuge and strength, an ever-present help in trouble. Therefore we will not fear, though the earth give way and the mountains fall into the heart of the sea, though its water roar and foam and the mountains quake with their surging. † (Psalm 46:1-3 NIV). I see this in me as well at times it is easy to be complacent and go with the flow and not seek change in our lives. I cannot recall any convictions I have held that were rooted in an unwillingness to change but I can definitely see how this could be possible. For a while I knew that God has been calling me into ministry as a vocation but wasn’t sure where to start or how. I would make excuses on why I couldn’t do it or why it wouldn’t work. I had chosen a career path and the change and transition not to mention the uncertainty would not be easy. For years I wrestled with this. Sometimes I would say maybe I can just spend more time in prayer for the lost and hurting or work in my sphere of influence. It came down to a resistance to submit everything including my future to God. I still feel lost in at times. But I know that I am one step closer as I am now pursuing an education which will support this calling. I am confident God will open the doors that need to be opened when the time comes. But I know that this is the first step in that process. That’s much how God works, revealing His plan to us on a step-by-step basis. How to cite Convictions Paper, Essay examples

Global Commerce World History Notes free essay sample

In the notes, be sure to define and explain the significance of the following key terms: trading post empire the empire the Portuguese created in the Indian Ocean by obtaining bases through attacking small and weak states, no naval force in Asia was able to match the Portuguese guns or invulnerability * The Portuguese wanted control over commerce in the Indian Ocean and did so with force * Only able to control half the spice trade, could not sell their goods because they were not desired by Asian markets resorted to selling service of shipping goods African Diaspora -? The transatlantic spread ofAfrican people * Introduced elements of African culture such as religious ideas, musical and artistic traditions, and cuisine Answer the following chapter questions: 1 . What drove European involvement in the world of Asian commerce (think back as well to your Napoleons Buttons readings)? * Desire for tropical spices cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and pepper because they were used as cond iments and preservatives and sometimes regarded as aphrodisiacs * Desire for products such as Chinese silk, Indian cotton, rhubarb for medicine, emeralds, rubies, sapphires * The pop. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Commerce World History Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page OfRupees monarchs was recovering after the Black Death, learning how to tax more effectively, and learning how to build stronger military forces with gunpowder weapons * As cities grew, they became centers of international commerce, leading to a more capitalist economy based on market exchange, private ownership, and accumulation of capital * Problems with goods coming for East through the Middle East * Egypt was the primary point of transfer of goods from East into the Mediterranean, Venetians resented the Muslim monopoly of Indian Ocean trade * Europeans disliked relying on Venice Europeans required to pay gold and silver, which were the only materials wanted by the East * No Asian navy was able to match that of the Portuguese * They lacked the arms and onboard cannons.

Nothing Goes to Waste free essay sample

All my life, I identified myself as a soccer player. I grew up in a town that prided itself on an outstanding soccer program. Everyone around me had the same interest in it: my brother, sisters, parents, and friends. My life revolved around this sport, and I was successful at it. I played on competitive teams, but I also participated in sports like basketball, gymnastics, skiing, and swimming. As I got older, I focused more exclusively on soccer. Soccer was my all-year sport, that is, until I got cut. Going into my sophomore year, being cut from the team was a huge disappointment, especially since I was now separated from my teammates and friends. I had two choices: (1) to feel sorry for myself, or (2) to make something positive out of a negative experience. I convinced myself to find another sport in which to channel my energy. As a freshman, I was on the varsity swim team, but never took it as seriously as soccer. We will write a custom essay sample on Nothing Goes to Waste or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So, during soccer season I could always be found in the pool. I participated in a club swim team with the thought that practice would help make me a better swimmer. When high school swim season came around, I made the team and tremendously improved my skills. I advanced two levels and pushed myself at practices and meets more than I ever had in the past. As the season continued, I qualified for Sectionals which meant that I was competing at an even higher level. A few days prior to Sectionals, I became very ill and had to forfeit my spot to another team member who was healthy and could compete. It was tough to relinquish my spot, especially because I worked so hard for this, but I knew that the following year I would re-engage my effort to make my goal of Sectionals again. By the end of my sophomore swim season, my coach gave me the award for â€Å"Rising Star.† One person each year receives this award for their resilience, attitude, sportsmanship, and being a positive asset to the team. Though I was not able compete at Sectionals because of my sudden illness, this award showed that my hard work and diligence did not go to waste. When junior year arrived, I was training with my club swim team, still preparing for winter swim team. Given the setback I endured the previous year, I was determined to make sure that I could not only make Sectionals but qualify for States. My sights were set very high. I practiced and prepared myself mentally to swim my best, and I did, qualifying for Sectionals and States. Over time, I realized that my failure to make the soccer team turned into successful opportunities in swimming. I gained another close knit community, broadened my interests, met new friends, and improved my abilities. By reaching out of my comfort zone, I was able to realize my potential in swimming, but more particularly, as a person. Swimming in Sectional and States meets was a symbol of my perseverance over the last two years. No longer did I define myself as a soccer player, but as a swimmer. I could play soccer here and there, but my idea of success had changed. Success is not making a certain team or playing a certain sport; it is setting a personal goal and striving to reach it. Success doesn’t mean that I must focus all of my energy in one area. I must have diversification in my life, because being almost exclusive in one area limits my potential and opportunities, which will again cause me to fail.

How to Improve Your Writing Skills With a Bec Essay Sample

How to Improve Your Writing Skills With a Bec Essay SampleUsing a Bec Essay Sample with the right tools can help you to write better essays, and it can help you come up with a better English style. A lot of students are not making enough time to get their writing improved through regular practice and if you're one of them, you may want to consider this guide to help you improve your writing skills with more practice.When you begin to read and listen to literature, music, and speeches, the first thing that will be hard for you to do is to write your own English sentence. This process becomes even harder when you are an adult. You'll have more experience when you're older, but the mistake you made in elementary school and high school was not writing your own sentences. This is a common reason why many kids are not reading or studying English well.If you have a degree or at least some form of writing education, you may be able to realize a lot of your writing is deficient in English and that can only lead to a poor academic performance. Also, writing essays can often feel daunting because there are so many other students who will also want to write papers too. Your instructor or classmates will think that you have so little time to write that you'll resort to using profanity or low-quality grammar, which will never be good for your grade.Writing an essay will also increase your grades and let you know you can apply yourself with ease in English. When you come up with a well-written paper, you'll be able to start up conversations and make connections with people. It'll make you feel like you're a well-rounded individual who has accomplished something in life, and this will definitely boost your self-esteem.If you take this mindset into the college classes, you'll find that your essays will get better as you become more comfortable with English, which will help you to write better essays, too. It's no secret that a lot of writers write poorly and sometimes leave the ir assignments unfinished, which doesn't inspire confidence and leads to less success.When you take these facts into consideration, you'll definitely be able to improve your English writing through the use of a Bec Essay Sample. This essay writing tool will help you to get your ideas down in writing and start making notes as soon as possible. When you read through the sample, it will be easier for you to get yourself familiar with how to structure your paper, and you'll be able to gain confidence in yourself and the things you're going to write.After you've gotten the fundamentals of grammar and usage down, you can also try using some of the English grammar features such as a Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) grammar, on the next Bec Essay Sample. Most people tend to overlook this, but it is actually one of the most important aspects to master when it comes to writing. All of these components come together to help you build and develop your sentence structure and language skills that will h elp you be a more productive writer and this will help you get better grades and improve your English.

Essay about Human Resourse

Essay about Human Resourse Essay about Human Resourse I disagree with the statement. Social networking is a space for everyone to express their feeling and create an opportunity to communicate with each other regardless to their personal matter or public affairs. The invasion of accessing to their social networking accounts is a clear invasion of their privacy as well. Also, it will limit the employee’s performance than usual. Furthermore, it is violating the terms of service for social networking sites. Access to job candidates’ social networking accounts is like asking for the key to enter their homes and conduct a ‘sport-check’ of what they are doing. For example, those photos posted years ago in Facebook or twitter which is the period where most of the teenager enjoyed their legal age in the club may reflect a bad impression to the manager when they access the candidate’s profile. They might lose their job just because of this. Also, prejudgment was made by the human resource managers without clarified with the employee their information on the profile will eventually give up the job opportunity to other candidate. Once the password is given to the human resource managers, candidate must be aware that the human resource department consists of quite number of employee; their password must be passing over to different in-charge person. Different people access to their account checking their information making candidate spending most of the day worried of what might have find out instead of putting full attention on the work and works it well. Also, they must be living in non-privacy daily lifestyle as they don’t know when will be the day their account being hacked by someone else by posting non-related post or doing something else on the account. Worst cases, those who access to the candidate’s account can change their password without priority notices. As we have mention above, social networking is a space that creates for everyone to express their feeling regardless on the stress on work or the happiness among them. According to the statistics, those who express their feeling to their friend tend to work much better than their usual performance. Stepping into working industry will be facing a lot of stress. The invasion to their social networking account will take over their freedom on expressing themselves on the work which will increase their burden as the time pass by. This will eventually affect their performance on the work which in turn will affect the company as well. Asking for access to

Best Love Quotes and Inspirational Quotations

Best Love Quotes and Inspirational Quotations Sometimes even the best minds fail to come up with words that rise up to the occasion and fulfill the need of the hour. This is especially true for matters that are close to the heart. At such times quotations often come to the rescue and act as pleasant fillers. The Best Quotes About Love The following are probably the best love quotes that could save you if you are ever faced with a loss for words. Douglas YatesPeople who are sensible about love are incapable of it. Mother TeresaThe greatest science in the world; in heaven and on earth; is love. James BaldwinLove takes off masks that we fear we cannot live without and know we cannot live within. H. Jackson BrowneLove is when the other persons happiness is more important than your own. Vi PutnamThe entire sum of existence is the magic of being needed by just one person. Samuel ButlerTo live is like to love - all reason is against it, and all healthy instinct for it. Felix AdlerLove is the expansion of two natures in such fashion that each include the other, each is enriched by the other. Saint Bernard of ClairvauxWe find rest in those we love, and we provide a resting place in ourselves for those who love us. Sam KeenYou come to love not by finding the perfect person, but by seeing an imperfect person perfectly. Rainer Maria RilkeFor one human being to love another that is perhaps the most difficult of our tasks; the ultimate, the last test and proof; the work for which all other work is but preparation. Khalil GibranAnd think not you can guide the course of love. For love, if it finds you worthy, shall guide your course. George Van ValkenburgA day without love is a day without life. The Butchers WifeYoull always know when the right person walks into your life. Michael LeunigLove one another and you will be happy. Its as simple and as difficult as that.

Cross ultural ommunications Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Cross ultural ommunications - Essay Example The committee will then be undertaken through a rigorous training to satisfactorily prepare them for the task. The discussion will entail the steps that will be involved in formation, modalities of establishing the committee charter and the strategies necessary in ensuring that the committee accomplishes a long term goal of greater diversity. The steps that will be involved in preparation of the diversity committee will be member selection, planning for the preparation program, selecting trainers and facilitators, and training. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Table of Contents 3 Step 1: The President Needs to Clearly Identify the Current Situation of Diversity in this Bank and Develop Clear Objectives 4 Establishing the Committee Diversity Charter 5 Step 2: Invite the Managers and Key Team Leaders to Come for a Meeting to Brain Storming the Ideas and Discuss Workplace Diversity Improvements 6 Step 3: Send Employees Surveys or Ask for Feedbacks about Diversity at Work and how th ey would like the Diversity Program to be in the Future 6 Step 4: Talking To the External Audiences 6 Step 5: Send Emails to All Key Managers of Each Department to Come For the Formal Meeting to Share, Contribute the Ideas for Diversity Program and Create the Diversity Committee 6 Creating the Diversity Committee 7 Member Selection 7 Planning for the Training Program 8 Selecting Trainers and Facilitators 8 Training 10 Conclusion 11 Recommendations 12 Appendix 14 Cross Cultural Communications for Leadership Management Formation of a hiring and network diversity committee is an integral contributor in jumpstarting the diversity imitative in a business institution. This requires ample training of the committee members on diversity management and cross cultural communication within the organization. This will help them to boost the company’s goal of addressing both the customer and employee diversity concerns. The diversity concerns are related to the bank’s recent globali zed status and increase in the student customer base who demands banking services in remote areas. Cross cultural communication is an eminent competency for all business leaders aspiring to succeed in business. They should possess the ability to establish successful teams and connect people in an organization. As the new president of Omni bank, establishment of cross cultural competency will require the input of an effective committee capable of improving the general business diversity. The crucial strategies of the committee include the establishment of collaboration, trust and instilling a sense of belonging among the bank employees. Steps that will be involved in the creation of the committee will be: Step 1: The President Needs to Clearly Identify the Current Situation of Diversity in this Bank and Develop Clear Objectives Before commencing the actual preparation and formation of the committee, the president should; 1. Review the bank’s policies, objectives and goals to i dentify their role in supporting the workforce diversity. This will ensure that the training conforms to the stipulated objectives and that they address the loopholes that exist in the management of diversity. This will offer the guidelines on the review of recruitment and retention of the committee members, recognition and incentives, promotion and performance management. 2. Cultural audit of the bank will then be

The use of the Historical Cost convention and the accrual concept for Essay

The use of the Historical Cost convention and the accrual concept for stewardship and for decision making - Essay Example It is this purchase price which is referred to as the "historical" cost. An extension of this discussion will lead to interesting questions. The asset must be shown in the books at the purchase price. It is not to be shown at the market value. This is done to ensure a "true and fair" picture of the financial position of the firm. It is commonly noted that the asset which is purchased by the company will increase/decrease in value over time, because of market forces. In such a case, the correct representation of the asset will lie only in showing them at their original, historical cost. Showing the asset at its market value will portray the asset at a value which may be inflated or deflated, as the market forces may be. This will defeat the purpose of financial accounting, which involves giving a "true and fair" view of accounts. In such a case, as per the historical cost principle, the value of this land will be $50,000 in the books. Showing it at the inflated price of $80,000 will be against the accounting principle of prudence2, and it will inflate the profits of the firm, which may influence prospective outsiders. We know that Assets less Liabilities equals equity. So, greater the assets, greater the equity. However, since investors, creditors and other outsiders need to know the accurate information, which can be provided only with an accurate stewardship, there has to be a method that makes the selection of asset-value uniform. And that method is the historical cost principle. Not only does the historical cost convention make the value of assets uniform and unambiguous - as the cost of acquisition is shown as the asset value - it makes the whole process of number crunching an easier one. Evaluating the assets at their market value allows a lot of ambiguity to creep in. Since market value is always subject to volatility, the value of assets would always be subjective. The historical cost principle, in such a situation, evaluates the assets at the cost of their acquisition, making the value objective and uniform3. In such a case, the historical cost convention is particularly useful for stewardship. As discussed earlier, the historical cost convention requires the asset to be valued at its acquisition cost only. This means that only the money which we have actually spent is to be shown in the books. An inflated value of the assets goes against the principle of prudence. Stewardship, which plays the important role of communication of information to outsiders, involves presenting the financial position of the firm as accurately as possible, and of course, keeping in mind all norms. The historical cost convention enables this function to be done with vital ease. Upon employing the historical cost principle, the books of accounts present an impartial view of the financial position of the business concern. This naturally, helps prospective outsiders make a fully informed decision,

Soil Analysis of the Himalayan Mountain System

Soil Analysis of the Himalayan Mountain System Chapter- 4 ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES OF MORAINIC AND ALPINE ECOSYSTEMS Global warming/ enhanced greenhouse effect and the loss of biodiversity are the major environmental issues around the world. The greatest part of the worlds population lives in the tropical regions. Mountainous regions in many cases provide favourable conditions for water supply due to orographically enhanced convective precipitation. Earth scientists are examining ancient periods of extreme warmth, such as the Miocene climatic optimum of about 14.5-17 million years ago. Fossil floral and faunal evidences indicate that this was the warmest time of the past 35 million years; a mid-latitude temperature was as much as 60C higher than the present one. Many workers believe that high carbon dioxide levels, in combination with oceanographic changes, caused Miocene global warming by the green house effect. Pagani et al. (1999) present evidence for surprisingly low carbon dioxide levels of about 180-290ppm by volume throughout the early to late Miocene (9-25 million years). They concluded tha t green house warming by carbon dioxide couldnt explain Miocene warmth and other mechanism must have had a greater influence. Carbon dioxide is a trace gas in the Earths atmosphere, which exchanges between carbon reservoirs in particularly the oceans and the biosphere. Consequently atmospheric concentration shows temporal, local and regional fluctuations. Since the beginning of industrialization, its atmospheric concentration has increased. The 1974 mean concentration of atmospheric CO2 was about 330 ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 (Baes et. al., 1976), which is equivalent to 2574 x 1015 g CO2 702.4 x 1015 C assuming 5.14 x 1021 g as the mass of the atmosphere. This value is significantly higher than the amount of atmospheric CO2 in 1860 that was about 290 ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 (617.2 x 1015 g). Precise measurements of the atmospheric CO2 concentration started in 1957 at the South Pole, Antarctica (Brown and Keeling, 1965) and in 1958 at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (Pales and Keeling, 1965). Records from Mauna Loa show that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen since 1958, from 315 mmol mol-1 to approximately 360 315 mmol mol-1 in 1963 (Boden et al., 1994). From these records and other measurements that began more recently, it is clear that the present rate of CO2 increase ranges between 1.5 and 2.5 mmol mol-1 per annum. In the context of the Indian Himalayan region, the effect of warming is apparent on the recession of glaciers (Valdiya, 1988), which is one of the climatic sensitive environmental indicators, and serves as a measure of the natural variability of climate of mountains over long time scales (Beniston et al., 1997). However no comprehensive long-term data on CO2 levels are available. The consumption of CO2 by photosynthesis on land is about 120 x 1015 g dry organic matter/year, which is equivalent to about 54 x 1015gC/yr (Leith and Whittaker, 1975). Variations in the atmospheric CO2 content on land are mainly due to the exchange of CO2 between vegetation and the atmosphere (Leith, 1963; Baumgartner, 1969). The process in this exchange is photosynthesis and respiration. The consumption of CO2 by the living plant material is balanced by a corresponding production of CO2 during respiration of the plants themselves and from decay of organic material, which occurs mainly in the soil through the activity of bacteria (soil respiration). The release of CO2 from the soil depends on the type, structure, moisture and temperature of the soil. The CO2 concentration in soil can be 1000 times higher than in air (Enoch and Dasberg, 1971). Due to these processes, diurnal variations in the atmospheric CO2 contents on ground level are resulted. High mountain ecosystems are considered vulnerable to climate change (Beniston, 1994; Grabherr et al., 1995; Theurillat and Guisan, 2001). The European Alps experienced a 20 C increase in annual minimum temperatures during the twentieth century, with a marked rise since the early 1980s (Beniston et al., 1997). Upward moving of alpine plants has been noticed (Grabherr et al., 1994; Pauli et al., 2001), community composition has changed at high alpine sites (Keller et al., 2000), and treeline species have responded to climate warming by invasion of the alpine zone or increased growth rates during the last decades (Paulsen et al., 2000). Vegetation at glaciers fronts is commonly affected by glacial fluctuations (Coe, 1967; Spence, 1989; Mizumo, 1998). Coe (1967) described vegetation zonation, plant colonization and the distribution of individual plant species on the slopes below the Tyndall and Lewis glaciers. Spence (1989) analyzed the advance of plant communities in response to the re treat of the Tyndall and Lewis glaciers for the period 1958- 1984. Mizumo (1998) addressed plant communities in response to more recent glacial retreat by conducting field research in 1992, 1994, 1996 and 1997. The studies illustrated the link between ice retreat and colonization near the Tyndall and Lewis glaciers. The concern about the future global climate warming and its geoecological consequences strongly urges development and analysis of climate sensitive biomonitoring systems. The natural elevational tree limit is often assumed to represent an ideal early warming line predicted to respond positionally, structurally and compositionally even to quite modest climate fluctuations. Several field studies in different parts of the world present that climate warming earlier in the 20th century (up to the 1950s 1960s) has caused tree limit advances (Kullman, 1998). Purohit (1991) also reported upward shifting of species in Garhwal Himalaya. The Himalayan mountain system is a conspicuous landmass characterised by its unique crescent shape, high orography, varied lithology and complex structure. The mountain system is rather of young geological age through the rock material it contains has a long history of sedimentation, metamorphism and magmatism from Proterozoic to Quaternary in age. Geologically, it occupies a vast terrain covering the northern boundary of India, entire Nepal, Bhutan and parts of China and Pakistan stretching from almost 720 E to 960 E meridians for about 2500 km in length. In terms of orography, the geographers have conceived four zones in the Himalaya across its long axis. From south to north, these are (i) the sub-Himalaya, comprising low hill ranges of Siwalik, not rising above 1,000 m in altitude; (ii) the Lesser Himalaya, comprising a series of mountain ranges not rising above 4000 m in altitude; (iii) the Great Himalaya, comprising very high mountain ranges with glaciers, rising above 6,000 m i n altitude and (iv) the Trans-Himalaya, Comprising very high mountain ranges with glaciers. The four orographic zones of the Himalaya are not strictly broad morpho-tectonic units though tectonism must have played a key role in varied orographic attainments of different zones. Their conceived boundaries do not also coincide with those of litho-stratigraphic or tectono-stratigraphic units. Because of the involvement of a large number of parameters of variable nature, the geomorphic units are expected to be diverse but cause specific, having close links with mechanism and crustal movements (Ghosh, et al., 1989). Soil is essential for the continued existence of life on the planet. Soil takes thousands of years to form and only few years to destroy their productivity as a result of erosion and other types of improper management. It is a three dimensional body consisting of solid, liquid and gaseous phase. It includes any part of earths crust, which through the process of weathering and incorporation of organic matter has become capable in securing and supporting plants. Living organisms and the transformation they perform have a profound effect on the ability of soils to provide food and fiber for expanding world population. Soils are used to produce crops, range and timber. Soil is basic to our survival and it is natures waste disposal medium and it serves as habitats for varied kinds of plants, birds, animals, and microorganisms. As a source of stores and transformers of plant nutrients, soil has a major influence on terrestrial ecosystems. Soil continuously recycles plant and animal remains , and they are major support systems for human life, determining the agricultural production capacity of the land (Anthwal, 2004). Soil is a natural product of the environment. Native soil forms from the parent material by action of climate (temperature, wind, and water), native vegetation and microbes. The shape of the land surface affects soil formation. It is also affected by the time it took for climate, vegetation, and microbes to create the soil. Soil varies greatly in time and space. Over time-scales relevant to geo-indicators, they have both stable characteristics (e.g. mineralogical composition and relative proportions of sand, silt and clay) and those that respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions (e.g. ground freezing). The latter characteristics include soil moisture and soil microbiota (e.g. nematodes, microbes), which are essential to fluxes of plant nutrients and greenhouse gases (Peirce, and Larson, 1996.). Most soils resist short-term climate change, but some may undergo irreversible change such as lateritic hardening and densification, podsolization, or large-scale erosion. Chemical degradation takes place because of depletion of soluble elements through rainwater leaching, over cropping and over grazing, or because of the accumulation of salts precipitated from rising ground water or irrigation schemes. It may also be caused by sewage containing toxic metals, precipitation of acidic and other airborne contaminants, as well as by persistent use of fertilizers and pesticides (Page et al., 1986). Physical degradation results from land clearing, erosion and compaction by machinery (Klute, 1986). The key soil indicators are texture (especially clay content), bulk density, aggregate stability and size distribution, and water-holding capacity (Anthwal, 2004). Soil consists of 45% mineral, 25% water, 25% air and 5% organic matter (both living and dead organisms). There are thousands of different soils throughout the world. Soil are classified on the basis of their parent material, texture, structure, and profile There are five key factors in soil formation: i) type of parent material; ii) climate; iii) overlying vegetation; iv) topography or slope; and v) time. Climate controls the distribution of vegetation or soil organisms. Together climate and vegetation/soil organisms often are called the active factors of soil formation (genesis). This is because, on gently undulating topography within a certain climatic and vegetative zone a characteristic or typical soil will develop unless parent material differences are very great (Anthwal, 2004). Thus, the tall and mid-grass prairie soils have developed across a variety of parent materials. Soil structure comprises the physical constitution of soil material as expressed by size, shape, and arrangement of solid particles and voids (Jongmans et al., 2001). Soil structure is an important soil property in many clayey, agricultural soils. Physical and chemical properties and also the nutrient status of the soil vary spatially due to the changing nature of the climate, parent material, physiographic position and vegetation (Behari et al., 2004). Soil brings together many ecosystem processes, integrating mineral and organic processes; and biological, physical and chemical processes (Arnold et al., 1990, Yaalon 1990). Soil may respond slowly to environmental changes than other elements of the ecosystem such as, the plants and animal do. Changes in soil organic matter can also indicate vegetation change, which can occur quickly because of climatic change (Almendinger, 1990). In high altitudes, soils are formed by the process of solifluction. Soils on the slopes above 300 are generally shallow due to erosion and mass wasting processes and usually have very thin surface horizons. Such skeletal soils have median to coarse texture depending on the type of material from which they have been derived. Glacial plants require water, mineral resources and support from substrate, which differ from alpine and lower altitude in many aspects. The plant life gets support by deeply weathered profile in moraine soils, which develops thin and mosaic type of vegetation. Most of the parent material is derived by mechanical weathering and the soils are rather coarse textured and stony. Permafrost occurs in many of the high mountains and the soils are typically cold and wet. The soils of the moraine region remain moist during the summer because drainage is impeded by permafrost (Gaur, 2002). In general, the north facing slopes support deep, moist and fertile soils. The south facing slopes, on the other hand, are precipitous and well exposed to denudation. These soils are shallow, dry and poor and are often devoid of any kind of regolith (Pandey, 1997). Based on various samples, Nand et al., (1989) finds negative correlation between soil pH and altitude and argues that decrease in pH with the increase in elevation is possibly accounted by high rainfall which facilitated leaching out of Calcium and Magnesium from surface soils. The soils are invariably rich in Potash, medium in Phosphorus and poor in Nitrogen contents. However, information on geo-morphological aspects, soil composition and mineral contents of alpine and moraine in Garhwal Himalaya are still lacking. Present investigation was aimed to carry out detail observations on soil composition of the alpine and moraine region of Garhwal Himalaya. 4.1. OBSERVATIONS As far as the recordings of abiotic environmental variables of morainic and alpine ecosystems of Dokriani Bamak are concerned, the atmospheric carbon dioxide and the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil were recorded under the present study. As these are important for the present study. 4.1.1. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Diurnal variations in the atmospheric CO2 were recorded at Dokriani Bamak from May 2005- October 2005. Generally the concentration of CO2 was higher during night and early morning hours (0600-0800) and lower during daytime. However, there were fluctuations in the patterns of diurnal changes in CO2 concentration on daily basis. In the month of May 2005, carbon dioxide concentration ranged from a minimum of 375Â µmol mol-1 to a maximum of 395Â µmol mol-1. When the values were averaged for the measurement days the maximum and minimum values ranged from 378Â µmol mol-1 to 388Â µmol mol-1. A difference of 20Â µmol mol-1 was found between the maximum and minimum values recorded for the measurement days. When the values were averaged, a difference of 10Â µmol mol-1 was observed between maximum and minimum values. During the measurement period, CO2 concentrations varied from a minimum of 377ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 12 noon to a maximum of 400ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 0800 hrs in the month of June, 2005. When the CO2 values were averaged for 6 days, the difference between the minimum and maximum values was about 23ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1. In the month of July, levels of carbon dioxide concentrations ranged from a minimum of 369ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 to a maximum of 390ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1. When the values of the carbon dioxide concentrations for the measuring period were averaged, the difference between the minimum and maximum values was about 21ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1. Carbon dioxide concentration ranged from a minimum of 367ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 to a maximum of 409ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 during the month of August. When the values of carbon dioxide were averaged for the measurement days, the difference in the minimum and maximum values was about 42ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1. During the measurement period (September), CO2 concentrations varied from a minimum of 371ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 12 noon to a maximum of 389ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 0600 hrs indicating a difference of 18ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 between the maximum and minimum values. When the values of the measurement days were averaged the minimum and maximum values ranged from 375ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 to 387ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 and a difference of 12ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 was recorded. During the month of October, carbon dioxide levels ranged from a minimum of 372ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 1400 hrs to a maximum of 403ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 2000 hrs indicating a difference of 31ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1. When the values were averaged, the carbon dioxide levels ranged from a minimum of 376ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 to a maximum of 415ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1.A difference in the minimum and maximum values was found to be 39Â µmol mol-1 when the values were averaged for the measurements days. In the growing season (May-October) overall carbon dioxide concentration was recorded to be highest in the month of June and seasonally it was recorded highest during the month of October 4.1.2. A. Soil Physical Characteristics of Soil Soil Colour and Texture Soils of the study area tend to have distinct variations in colour both horizontally and vertically (Table 4.1). The colour of the soil varied with soil depth. It was dark yellowish brown at the depth of 10-20cm, 30-40cm of AS1 and AS2, brown at the depth of 0-10cm of AS1 and AS2 and yellowish brown at the depths of 20-30cm, 40-50cm, 50-60cm of AS1 and AS2). Whereas the soil colour was grayish brown at the depths of 0-10cm, 30-40cm, 50-60cm of MS1 and MS2, dark grayish brown at the depths of 10-20cm, 20-30cm of MS1 and MS2 and brown at the depth of 40-50cm of both the moraine sites (MS1 and MS2). Soil texture is the relative volume of sand, silt and clay particles in a soil. Soils of the study area had high proportion of silt followed by sand and clay (Table 4.2). Soil of the alpine sites was identified as silty loam category, whereas, the soil of the moraine was of silty clayey loam category. Soil Temperature The soil temperature depends on the amount of heat reaching the soil surface and dissipation of heat in soil. Figure 4.2 depicts soil temperature at all the sites in the active growth period. A maximum (13.440C) soil temperature was recorded during the month of July and minimum (4.770C) during the month of October at AS1. The soil temperature varied between 5.10C being the lowest during the month of October to 12.710C as maximum during the month of August at AS2. Soil temperature ranged from 3.240C (October) to 11.210C (July) at MS1. However, the soil temperature ranged from 3.40C (October) to 12.330C (July) at MS2. Soil Moisture (%) Moisture has a big influence on soils ability to compact. Some soils wont compact well until moisture is 7-8%. Â  Likewise, wet soil also doesnt compact well. The mean soil water percentage (Fig. 4.3) in study area fluctuated between a maximum of 83% (AS1) to a minimum of 15% (AS2). The values of soil water percentage ranged from a minimum of 8% (MS2) to a maximum of 80% (MS1). Soil water percentage was higher in the month of July at AS1 and during August at MS1 (. During the month of June, soil water percentage was recorded minimum in the lower depth (50-60cm) at both the sites. Water Holding Capacity (WHC) The mean water holding capacity of the soil varied from alpine sites to moraine sites (Table 4.4). It ranged from a maximum of 89.66% (August) to a minimum of 79.15% (May) at AS1. The minimum and maximum values at AS2 were 78.88% (May) to 89.66% (August), respectively. The maximum WHC was recorded to be 84.61 % during the month of September on upper layer (0-10 cm) at MS1 and minimum 60.36% during the month of May in the lower layer (50-60cm) at MS1. At MS2, WHC ranged from 60.66% (May) to 84.61% (September). However, maximum WHC was recorded in upper layers at both the sites of alpine and moraine. Soil pH The soil pH varied from site to site during the course of the present study (Table 4.5). Mean pH values of all the sites are presented in Figure 4.4 The soil of the study area was acidic. Soil of the moraine sites was more acidic than that of the alpine sites. Soil pH ranged from 4.4 to 5.3 (AS1), 4.5 to 5.2 (AS2), 4.9 to 6.1 (MS1) and 4.8 to 5.7 (MS2). 4.1.2 B. Chemical Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon (%): Soil organic carbon (SOC) varied with depths and months at both the alpine and moraine sites (Table 4.6). High percentage of organic carbon was observed in the upper layer of all sites during the entire period of study. Soil organic C decreased with depth and it was lowest in lower layers at all the sites. Soil organic carbon was maximum (5.1%) during July at AS1 because of high decomposition of litter, while it was minimum (4.2%) during October due to high uptake by plants in the uppermost layer (0-10 cm). A maximum (5.0%) SOC was found during the month of July and minimum (4.1%) during October at AS2. At the moraine sites, maximum (3.58%, 3.73%) SOC was found during June and minimum (1.5% and 1.9%) during August at MS1 and MS2 respectively. Phosphorus (%): A low amount of phosphorus was observed from May to August which increased during September and October. The mean phosphorus percentage ranged from 0.02 Â ± 0.01 to 0.07 Â ± 0.03 at AS1 and AS2. It was 0.03Â ±0.01 to 0.03Â ±0.02 at MS1 and MS2. Maximum percentage of phosphorus was estimated to be 0.09 in the uppermost layer (0-10 cm) during October at AS1. The lower layer (40-50 cm) of soil horizon contained a minimum of 0.01% phosphorus during September at AS1 and AS2. In the moraine sites (MS1 and MS2), maximum phosphorus percentage of 0.03 Â ±0.01 was estimated in the upper layers (0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm) while it was found to be minimum (0.02Â ±0.01) in the lower layers (30-40 cm). Overall, a decreasing trend in amount of phosphorus was found with depth in alpine as well as moraine sites Potassium (%): A decline in potassium contents was also observed with declining depth during the active growing season. Maximum value of potassium was found in the uppermost layer (0-10 cm) at all the sites. The mean values ranged from 0.71Â ±0.02 to 46Â ±0.06 at AS1 while it was 0.71Â ±0.02 to 0.47Â ±0.05 at AS2. In the moraine sites the values ranged from a minimum of 0.33 Â ±0.06 to a maximum of 0.59Â ±0.05 in the MS1 and from 0.59Â ±0.05 to 0.32Â ±0.06 at MS2. In the upper layer of soil horizon (0-10 cm), maximum value of 0.74 %, 0.75% of potassium was observed during the month of July at AS1 and AS2. While the values were maximum in the month of October at moraine sites MS1 and MS2 having 0.66% and 0.65% respectively Nitrogen (%): Highest percentage of nitrogen was found in the upper layers at all the sites. Maximum percentage of nitrogen were found during the month of July-August (0.25%, 0.25 and 0.26%, 0.25%) at AS1 and AS2, respectively. Maximum values of 0.18% and 0.15% respectively were found during the month of June at the moraine sites MS1 and MS2. The nitrogen percentage ranged from 0.23Â ±0.02 to 0.04Â ±0.01% at AS1. However, it ranged from a minimum of 0.05Â ±0.01 to 0.24Â ±0.02% at AS2. The nitrogen percentage ranged from a minimum of 0.03Â ±0.01, 0.02Â ±0.04% to a maximum of 12Â ±0.03, 13Â ±0.01%, respectively at MS1 and MS2 Overall, a decreasing trend was noticed in the nitrogen percentage with depth at both the alpine and moraine sites. 4.2. DISCUSSION Soil has a close relationship with geomorphology and vegetation type of the area (Gaur, 2002). Any change in the geomorphological process and vegetational pattern influences the pedogenic processes. However, variability in soil is a characteristic even within same geomorphic position (Gaur, 2002). Jenney (1941) in his discussion on organisms as a soil forming factors treated vegetation both as an independent and as dependent variable. In order to examine the role of vegetation as an independent variable, it would be possible to study the properties of soil as influenced by vegetation while all other soil forming factors such as climate, parent material, topography and time are maintaining at a particular constellation. Many soil properties may be related to a climatic situation revealing thousand years ago (e.g. humid period during late glacial or the Holocene in the Alps and Andes (Korner, 1999). The soil forming processes are reflected in the colour of the surface soil (Pandey, 1997). The combination of iron oxides and organic content gives many soil types a brown colour (Anthwal, 2004). Many darker soils are not warmer than adjacent lighter coloured soils because of the temperature modifying effect of the moisture, in fact they may be cooler (Pandey, 1997). The alpine sites of the resent study has soil colour varying from dark yellowish brown/yellowish brown to brown at different depths. Likewise, at the moraine sites, the soil colour was dark grayish brown/grayish brown to brown. The dark coloured soils of the moraine and alpine sites having high humus contents absorb more heat than light coloured soils. Therefore, the dark soils hold more water. Water requires relatively large amount of heat than the soil minerals to raise its temperature and it also absorbs considerable heat for evaporation. At all sites, dark colour of soil was found due to high organic contents by the addition of litter. Soil texture is an important modifying factor in relation to the proportion of precipitation that enters the soil and is available to plants (Pandey, 1997). Texture refers to the proportion of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. Sandy soil is light or coarse-textured, whereas, the clay soils are heavy or fine-textured. Sand holds less moisture per unit volume, but permits more rapid percolation of precipitated water than silt and clay. Clay tends to increase the water-holding capacity of the soil. Loamy soils have a balanced sand, silt, and clay composition and are thus superior for plant growth (Pidwirny, 2004). Soil of the alpine zone of Dokriani Bamak was silty predominated by clay and loam, whereas the soil of moraine zone was silty predominated by sand and clay. There is a close relationship between atmospheric temperature and soil temperature. The high organic matter (humus) help in retaining more soil water. During summers, high radiations with greater insulation period enhance the atmospheric temperature resulted in the greater evaporation of soil water. In the monsoon months (July-August) the high rainfall increased soil moisture under relative atmospheric and soil temperature due to cloud-filter radiations (Pandey, 1997). Owing to September rainfall, atmospheric and soil temperatures decreased. The soil moisture is controlled by atmospheric temperature coupled with absorption of water by plants. During October, occasional rainfall and strong cold winds lower down the atmospheric temperature further. The soil temperature remains more or less intact from the outer influence due to a slight frost layer as well as vegetation cover. Soil temperature was recorded low at the moraine sites than the alpine sites. During May, insulation period in creases with increase in the atmospheric and soil temperature and it decreases during rainfall. The increasing temperature influences soil moisture adversely and an equilibrium is attained only after the first monsoon showers in the month of June which continued till August. Donahue et al. (1987) stated that no levelled land with a slope at right angle to the Sun would receive more heat per soil area and will warm faster than the flat surface. The soil layer impermeable to moisture have been cited as the reason for treelessness in part of the tropics, wherein its absence savanna develops (Beard, 1953). The resulting water logging of soil during the rainy season creates conditions not suitable for the growth of trees capable of surviving the dry season. The water holding capacity of the soil is determined by several factors. Most important among these are soil texture or size of particles, porosity and the amount of expansible organic matter and colloidal clay (Pandey, 1997). Water is held as thin film upon the surface of the particles and runs together forming drops in saturated soils, the amount necessarily increases with an increase in the water holding surface. Organic matter affects water contents directly by retaining water in large amount on the extensive surfaces of its colloidal constituents and also by holding it like a sponge in its less decayed portion. It also had an indirect effect through soil structure. Sand particles loosely cemented together by it, hence, percolation is decreased and water-holding capacity increased. Although fine textured soil can hold more water and thus more total water holding capacity but maximum available water is held in moderate textured soil. Porosity in soil consists of that portion of the soil volume not occupied by solids, either mineral or organic material. Under natural conditions, the pore spaces are occupied at all times by air and water. Pore spaces are irregular in shape in sand than the clay. The most rapid water and air movement is observed in sands than strongly aggregated soils. The pH of alpine sites ranged from 4.4 to 5.3 and it ranged from 4.8 to 6.1 in moraine sites of Dokriani Bamak. It indicated the acidic nature of the soil. The moraine sites were more acidic than the alpine sites. Acidity of soil is exhibited due to the presence of different acids. The organic matter and nitrogen contents inhibit the acidity of soil. The present observations pertaining to the soil pH (4.4 to 5.3 and 4.8 to 6.1) were more or less in the same range as reported for other meadows and moraine zones. Ram (1988) reported pH from 4.0-6.0 in Rudranath and Gaur (2002) on Chorabari. These pH ranges are lower than the oak and pine forests of lower altitudes of Himalayan region as observed by Singh and Singh, 1987 (pH:6.0-6.3). Furthermore, pH increased with depth. Bliss (1963) analyzed that in all types of soil, pH was low in upper layers (4.0-4.30) and it increased (4.6-4.9) in lower layer at New Hampshire due to reduction in organic matter. Das et al. (1988) reported the simil ar results in the sub alpine areas of Eastern Himalayas. All these reports support the present findings on Dokriani Bamak strongly. A potent acidic soil is intensively eroded and it has lower exchangeable cation, and possesses least microbial activity (Donahue et al., 1987). Misra et al., 1970 also observed higher acidity in the soil in the region where high precipitation results leaching. Koslowska (1934) demonstrated that when plants were grown under conditions of known pH, they make the culture medium either more acidic or alkaline and that this property differed according to the species. Soil properties may ch Soil Analysis of the Himalayan Mountain System Soil Analysis of the Himalayan Mountain System Chapter- 4 ABIOTIC ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES OF MORAINIC AND ALPINE ECOSYSTEMS Global warming/ enhanced greenhouse effect and the loss of biodiversity are the major environmental issues around the world. The greatest part of the worlds population lives in the tropical regions. Mountainous regions in many cases provide favourable conditions for water supply due to orographically enhanced convective precipitation. Earth scientists are examining ancient periods of extreme warmth, such as the Miocene climatic optimum of about 14.5-17 million years ago. Fossil floral and faunal evidences indicate that this was the warmest time of the past 35 million years; a mid-latitude temperature was as much as 60C higher than the present one. Many workers believe that high carbon dioxide levels, in combination with oceanographic changes, caused Miocene global warming by the green house effect. Pagani et al. (1999) present evidence for surprisingly low carbon dioxide levels of about 180-290ppm by volume throughout the early to late Miocene (9-25 million years). They concluded tha t green house warming by carbon dioxide couldnt explain Miocene warmth and other mechanism must have had a greater influence. Carbon dioxide is a trace gas in the Earths atmosphere, which exchanges between carbon reservoirs in particularly the oceans and the biosphere. Consequently atmospheric concentration shows temporal, local and regional fluctuations. Since the beginning of industrialization, its atmospheric concentration has increased. The 1974 mean concentration of atmospheric CO2 was about 330 ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 (Baes et. al., 1976), which is equivalent to 2574 x 1015 g CO2 702.4 x 1015 C assuming 5.14 x 1021 g as the mass of the atmosphere. This value is significantly higher than the amount of atmospheric CO2 in 1860 that was about 290 ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 (617.2 x 1015 g). Precise measurements of the atmospheric CO2 concentration started in 1957 at the South Pole, Antarctica (Brown and Keeling, 1965) and in 1958 at Mauna Loa, Hawaii (Pales and Keeling, 1965). Records from Mauna Loa show that the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere has risen since 1958, from 315 mmol mol-1 to approximately 360 315 mmol mol-1 in 1963 (Boden et al., 1994). From these records and other measurements that began more recently, it is clear that the present rate of CO2 increase ranges between 1.5 and 2.5 mmol mol-1 per annum. In the context of the Indian Himalayan region, the effect of warming is apparent on the recession of glaciers (Valdiya, 1988), which is one of the climatic sensitive environmental indicators, and serves as a measure of the natural variability of climate of mountains over long time scales (Beniston et al., 1997). However no comprehensive long-term data on CO2 levels are available. The consumption of CO2 by photosynthesis on land is about 120 x 1015 g dry organic matter/year, which is equivalent to about 54 x 1015gC/yr (Leith and Whittaker, 1975). Variations in the atmospheric CO2 content on land are mainly due to the exchange of CO2 between vegetation and the atmosphere (Leith, 1963; Baumgartner, 1969). The process in this exchange is photosynthesis and respiration. The consumption of CO2 by the living plant material is balanced by a corresponding production of CO2 during respiration of the plants themselves and from decay of organic material, which occurs mainly in the soil through the activity of bacteria (soil respiration). The release of CO2 from the soil depends on the type, structure, moisture and temperature of the soil. The CO2 concentration in soil can be 1000 times higher than in air (Enoch and Dasberg, 1971). Due to these processes, diurnal variations in the atmospheric CO2 contents on ground level are resulted. High mountain ecosystems are considered vulnerable to climate change (Beniston, 1994; Grabherr et al., 1995; Theurillat and Guisan, 2001). The European Alps experienced a 20 C increase in annual minimum temperatures during the twentieth century, with a marked rise since the early 1980s (Beniston et al., 1997). Upward moving of alpine plants has been noticed (Grabherr et al., 1994; Pauli et al., 2001), community composition has changed at high alpine sites (Keller et al., 2000), and treeline species have responded to climate warming by invasion of the alpine zone or increased growth rates during the last decades (Paulsen et al., 2000). Vegetation at glaciers fronts is commonly affected by glacial fluctuations (Coe, 1967; Spence, 1989; Mizumo, 1998). Coe (1967) described vegetation zonation, plant colonization and the distribution of individual plant species on the slopes below the Tyndall and Lewis glaciers. Spence (1989) analyzed the advance of plant communities in response to the re treat of the Tyndall and Lewis glaciers for the period 1958- 1984. Mizumo (1998) addressed plant communities in response to more recent glacial retreat by conducting field research in 1992, 1994, 1996 and 1997. The studies illustrated the link between ice retreat and colonization near the Tyndall and Lewis glaciers. The concern about the future global climate warming and its geoecological consequences strongly urges development and analysis of climate sensitive biomonitoring systems. The natural elevational tree limit is often assumed to represent an ideal early warming line predicted to respond positionally, structurally and compositionally even to quite modest climate fluctuations. Several field studies in different parts of the world present that climate warming earlier in the 20th century (up to the 1950s 1960s) has caused tree limit advances (Kullman, 1998). Purohit (1991) also reported upward shifting of species in Garhwal Himalaya. The Himalayan mountain system is a conspicuous landmass characterised by its unique crescent shape, high orography, varied lithology and complex structure. The mountain system is rather of young geological age through the rock material it contains has a long history of sedimentation, metamorphism and magmatism from Proterozoic to Quaternary in age. Geologically, it occupies a vast terrain covering the northern boundary of India, entire Nepal, Bhutan and parts of China and Pakistan stretching from almost 720 E to 960 E meridians for about 2500 km in length. In terms of orography, the geographers have conceived four zones in the Himalaya across its long axis. From south to north, these are (i) the sub-Himalaya, comprising low hill ranges of Siwalik, not rising above 1,000 m in altitude; (ii) the Lesser Himalaya, comprising a series of mountain ranges not rising above 4000 m in altitude; (iii) the Great Himalaya, comprising very high mountain ranges with glaciers, rising above 6,000 m i n altitude and (iv) the Trans-Himalaya, Comprising very high mountain ranges with glaciers. The four orographic zones of the Himalaya are not strictly broad morpho-tectonic units though tectonism must have played a key role in varied orographic attainments of different zones. Their conceived boundaries do not also coincide with those of litho-stratigraphic or tectono-stratigraphic units. Because of the involvement of a large number of parameters of variable nature, the geomorphic units are expected to be diverse but cause specific, having close links with mechanism and crustal movements (Ghosh, et al., 1989). Soil is essential for the continued existence of life on the planet. Soil takes thousands of years to form and only few years to destroy their productivity as a result of erosion and other types of improper management. It is a three dimensional body consisting of solid, liquid and gaseous phase. It includes any part of earths crust, which through the process of weathering and incorporation of organic matter has become capable in securing and supporting plants. Living organisms and the transformation they perform have a profound effect on the ability of soils to provide food and fiber for expanding world population. Soils are used to produce crops, range and timber. Soil is basic to our survival and it is natures waste disposal medium and it serves as habitats for varied kinds of plants, birds, animals, and microorganisms. As a source of stores and transformers of plant nutrients, soil has a major influence on terrestrial ecosystems. Soil continuously recycles plant and animal remains , and they are major support systems for human life, determining the agricultural production capacity of the land (Anthwal, 2004). Soil is a natural product of the environment. Native soil forms from the parent material by action of climate (temperature, wind, and water), native vegetation and microbes. The shape of the land surface affects soil formation. It is also affected by the time it took for climate, vegetation, and microbes to create the soil. Soil varies greatly in time and space. Over time-scales relevant to geo-indicators, they have both stable characteristics (e.g. mineralogical composition and relative proportions of sand, silt and clay) and those that respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions (e.g. ground freezing). The latter characteristics include soil moisture and soil microbiota (e.g. nematodes, microbes), which are essential to fluxes of plant nutrients and greenhouse gases (Peirce, and Larson, 1996.). Most soils resist short-term climate change, but some may undergo irreversible change such as lateritic hardening and densification, podsolization, or large-scale erosion. Chemical degradation takes place because of depletion of soluble elements through rainwater leaching, over cropping and over grazing, or because of the accumulation of salts precipitated from rising ground water or irrigation schemes. It may also be caused by sewage containing toxic metals, precipitation of acidic and other airborne contaminants, as well as by persistent use of fertilizers and pesticides (Page et al., 1986). Physical degradation results from land clearing, erosion and compaction by machinery (Klute, 1986). The key soil indicators are texture (especially clay content), bulk density, aggregate stability and size distribution, and water-holding capacity (Anthwal, 2004). Soil consists of 45% mineral, 25% water, 25% air and 5% organic matter (both living and dead organisms). There are thousands of different soils throughout the world. Soil are classified on the basis of their parent material, texture, structure, and profile There are five key factors in soil formation: i) type of parent material; ii) climate; iii) overlying vegetation; iv) topography or slope; and v) time. Climate controls the distribution of vegetation or soil organisms. Together climate and vegetation/soil organisms often are called the active factors of soil formation (genesis). This is because, on gently undulating topography within a certain climatic and vegetative zone a characteristic or typical soil will develop unless parent material differences are very great (Anthwal, 2004). Thus, the tall and mid-grass prairie soils have developed across a variety of parent materials. Soil structure comprises the physical constitution of soil material as expressed by size, shape, and arrangement of solid particles and voids (Jongmans et al., 2001). Soil structure is an important soil property in many clayey, agricultural soils. Physical and chemical properties and also the nutrient status of the soil vary spatially due to the changing nature of the climate, parent material, physiographic position and vegetation (Behari et al., 2004). Soil brings together many ecosystem processes, integrating mineral and organic processes; and biological, physical and chemical processes (Arnold et al., 1990, Yaalon 1990). Soil may respond slowly to environmental changes than other elements of the ecosystem such as, the plants and animal do. Changes in soil organic matter can also indicate vegetation change, which can occur quickly because of climatic change (Almendinger, 1990). In high altitudes, soils are formed by the process of solifluction. Soils on the slopes above 300 are generally shallow due to erosion and mass wasting processes and usually have very thin surface horizons. Such skeletal soils have median to coarse texture depending on the type of material from which they have been derived. Glacial plants require water, mineral resources and support from substrate, which differ from alpine and lower altitude in many aspects. The plant life gets support by deeply weathered profile in moraine soils, which develops thin and mosaic type of vegetation. Most of the parent material is derived by mechanical weathering and the soils are rather coarse textured and stony. Permafrost occurs in many of the high mountains and the soils are typically cold and wet. The soils of the moraine region remain moist during the summer because drainage is impeded by permafrost (Gaur, 2002). In general, the north facing slopes support deep, moist and fertile soils. The south facing slopes, on the other hand, are precipitous and well exposed to denudation. These soils are shallow, dry and poor and are often devoid of any kind of regolith (Pandey, 1997). Based on various samples, Nand et al., (1989) finds negative correlation between soil pH and altitude and argues that decrease in pH with the increase in elevation is possibly accounted by high rainfall which facilitated leaching out of Calcium and Magnesium from surface soils. The soils are invariably rich in Potash, medium in Phosphorus and poor in Nitrogen contents. However, information on geo-morphological aspects, soil composition and mineral contents of alpine and moraine in Garhwal Himalaya are still lacking. Present investigation was aimed to carry out detail observations on soil composition of the alpine and moraine region of Garhwal Himalaya. 4.1. OBSERVATIONS As far as the recordings of abiotic environmental variables of morainic and alpine ecosystems of Dokriani Bamak are concerned, the atmospheric carbon dioxide and the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil were recorded under the present study. As these are important for the present study. 4.1.1. Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Diurnal variations in the atmospheric CO2 were recorded at Dokriani Bamak from May 2005- October 2005. Generally the concentration of CO2 was higher during night and early morning hours (0600-0800) and lower during daytime. However, there were fluctuations in the patterns of diurnal changes in CO2 concentration on daily basis. In the month of May 2005, carbon dioxide concentration ranged from a minimum of 375Â µmol mol-1 to a maximum of 395Â µmol mol-1. When the values were averaged for the measurement days the maximum and minimum values ranged from 378Â µmol mol-1 to 388Â µmol mol-1. A difference of 20Â µmol mol-1 was found between the maximum and minimum values recorded for the measurement days. When the values were averaged, a difference of 10Â µmol mol-1 was observed between maximum and minimum values. During the measurement period, CO2 concentrations varied from a minimum of 377ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 12 noon to a maximum of 400ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 0800 hrs in the month of June, 2005. When the CO2 values were averaged for 6 days, the difference between the minimum and maximum values was about 23ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1. In the month of July, levels of carbon dioxide concentrations ranged from a minimum of 369ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 to a maximum of 390ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1. When the values of the carbon dioxide concentrations for the measuring period were averaged, the difference between the minimum and maximum values was about 21ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1. Carbon dioxide concentration ranged from a minimum of 367ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 to a maximum of 409ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 during the month of August. When the values of carbon dioxide were averaged for the measurement days, the difference in the minimum and maximum values was about 42ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1. During the measurement period (September), CO2 concentrations varied from a minimum of 371ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 12 noon to a maximum of 389ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 0600 hrs indicating a difference of 18ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 between the maximum and minimum values. When the values of the measurement days were averaged the minimum and maximum values ranged from 375ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 to 387ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 and a difference of 12ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 was recorded. During the month of October, carbon dioxide levels ranged from a minimum of 372ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 1400 hrs to a maximum of 403ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 at 2000 hrs indicating a difference of 31ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1. When the values were averaged, the carbon dioxide levels ranged from a minimum of 376ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1 to a maximum of 415ÃŽ ¼mol mol-1.A difference in the minimum and maximum values was found to be 39Â µmol mol-1 when the values were averaged for the measurements days. In the growing season (May-October) overall carbon dioxide concentration was recorded to be highest in the month of June and seasonally it was recorded highest during the month of October 4.1.2. A. Soil Physical Characteristics of Soil Soil Colour and Texture Soils of the study area tend to have distinct variations in colour both horizontally and vertically (Table 4.1). The colour of the soil varied with soil depth. It was dark yellowish brown at the depth of 10-20cm, 30-40cm of AS1 and AS2, brown at the depth of 0-10cm of AS1 and AS2 and yellowish brown at the depths of 20-30cm, 40-50cm, 50-60cm of AS1 and AS2). Whereas the soil colour was grayish brown at the depths of 0-10cm, 30-40cm, 50-60cm of MS1 and MS2, dark grayish brown at the depths of 10-20cm, 20-30cm of MS1 and MS2 and brown at the depth of 40-50cm of both the moraine sites (MS1 and MS2). Soil texture is the relative volume of sand, silt and clay particles in a soil. Soils of the study area had high proportion of silt followed by sand and clay (Table 4.2). Soil of the alpine sites was identified as silty loam category, whereas, the soil of the moraine was of silty clayey loam category. Soil Temperature The soil temperature depends on the amount of heat reaching the soil surface and dissipation of heat in soil. Figure 4.2 depicts soil temperature at all the sites in the active growth period. A maximum (13.440C) soil temperature was recorded during the month of July and minimum (4.770C) during the month of October at AS1. The soil temperature varied between 5.10C being the lowest during the month of October to 12.710C as maximum during the month of August at AS2. Soil temperature ranged from 3.240C (October) to 11.210C (July) at MS1. However, the soil temperature ranged from 3.40C (October) to 12.330C (July) at MS2. Soil Moisture (%) Moisture has a big influence on soils ability to compact. Some soils wont compact well until moisture is 7-8%. Â  Likewise, wet soil also doesnt compact well. The mean soil water percentage (Fig. 4.3) in study area fluctuated between a maximum of 83% (AS1) to a minimum of 15% (AS2). The values of soil water percentage ranged from a minimum of 8% (MS2) to a maximum of 80% (MS1). Soil water percentage was higher in the month of July at AS1 and during August at MS1 (. During the month of June, soil water percentage was recorded minimum in the lower depth (50-60cm) at both the sites. Water Holding Capacity (WHC) The mean water holding capacity of the soil varied from alpine sites to moraine sites (Table 4.4). It ranged from a maximum of 89.66% (August) to a minimum of 79.15% (May) at AS1. The minimum and maximum values at AS2 were 78.88% (May) to 89.66% (August), respectively. The maximum WHC was recorded to be 84.61 % during the month of September on upper layer (0-10 cm) at MS1 and minimum 60.36% during the month of May in the lower layer (50-60cm) at MS1. At MS2, WHC ranged from 60.66% (May) to 84.61% (September). However, maximum WHC was recorded in upper layers at both the sites of alpine and moraine. Soil pH The soil pH varied from site to site during the course of the present study (Table 4.5). Mean pH values of all the sites are presented in Figure 4.4 The soil of the study area was acidic. Soil of the moraine sites was more acidic than that of the alpine sites. Soil pH ranged from 4.4 to 5.3 (AS1), 4.5 to 5.2 (AS2), 4.9 to 6.1 (MS1) and 4.8 to 5.7 (MS2). 4.1.2 B. Chemical Characteristics of Soil Organic Carbon (%): Soil organic carbon (SOC) varied with depths and months at both the alpine and moraine sites (Table 4.6). High percentage of organic carbon was observed in the upper layer of all sites during the entire period of study. Soil organic C decreased with depth and it was lowest in lower layers at all the sites. Soil organic carbon was maximum (5.1%) during July at AS1 because of high decomposition of litter, while it was minimum (4.2%) during October due to high uptake by plants in the uppermost layer (0-10 cm). A maximum (5.0%) SOC was found during the month of July and minimum (4.1%) during October at AS2. At the moraine sites, maximum (3.58%, 3.73%) SOC was found during June and minimum (1.5% and 1.9%) during August at MS1 and MS2 respectively. Phosphorus (%): A low amount of phosphorus was observed from May to August which increased during September and October. The mean phosphorus percentage ranged from 0.02 Â ± 0.01 to 0.07 Â ± 0.03 at AS1 and AS2. It was 0.03Â ±0.01 to 0.03Â ±0.02 at MS1 and MS2. Maximum percentage of phosphorus was estimated to be 0.09 in the uppermost layer (0-10 cm) during October at AS1. The lower layer (40-50 cm) of soil horizon contained a minimum of 0.01% phosphorus during September at AS1 and AS2. In the moraine sites (MS1 and MS2), maximum phosphorus percentage of 0.03 Â ±0.01 was estimated in the upper layers (0-10, 10-20, 20-30 cm) while it was found to be minimum (0.02Â ±0.01) in the lower layers (30-40 cm). Overall, a decreasing trend in amount of phosphorus was found with depth in alpine as well as moraine sites Potassium (%): A decline in potassium contents was also observed with declining depth during the active growing season. Maximum value of potassium was found in the uppermost layer (0-10 cm) at all the sites. The mean values ranged from 0.71Â ±0.02 to 46Â ±0.06 at AS1 while it was 0.71Â ±0.02 to 0.47Â ±0.05 at AS2. In the moraine sites the values ranged from a minimum of 0.33 Â ±0.06 to a maximum of 0.59Â ±0.05 in the MS1 and from 0.59Â ±0.05 to 0.32Â ±0.06 at MS2. In the upper layer of soil horizon (0-10 cm), maximum value of 0.74 %, 0.75% of potassium was observed during the month of July at AS1 and AS2. While the values were maximum in the month of October at moraine sites MS1 and MS2 having 0.66% and 0.65% respectively Nitrogen (%): Highest percentage of nitrogen was found in the upper layers at all the sites. Maximum percentage of nitrogen were found during the month of July-August (0.25%, 0.25 and 0.26%, 0.25%) at AS1 and AS2, respectively. Maximum values of 0.18% and 0.15% respectively were found during the month of June at the moraine sites MS1 and MS2. The nitrogen percentage ranged from 0.23Â ±0.02 to 0.04Â ±0.01% at AS1. However, it ranged from a minimum of 0.05Â ±0.01 to 0.24Â ±0.02% at AS2. The nitrogen percentage ranged from a minimum of 0.03Â ±0.01, 0.02Â ±0.04% to a maximum of 12Â ±0.03, 13Â ±0.01%, respectively at MS1 and MS2 Overall, a decreasing trend was noticed in the nitrogen percentage with depth at both the alpine and moraine sites. 4.2. DISCUSSION Soil has a close relationship with geomorphology and vegetation type of the area (Gaur, 2002). Any change in the geomorphological process and vegetational pattern influences the pedogenic processes. However, variability in soil is a characteristic even within same geomorphic position (Gaur, 2002). Jenney (1941) in his discussion on organisms as a soil forming factors treated vegetation both as an independent and as dependent variable. In order to examine the role of vegetation as an independent variable, it would be possible to study the properties of soil as influenced by vegetation while all other soil forming factors such as climate, parent material, topography and time are maintaining at a particular constellation. Many soil properties may be related to a climatic situation revealing thousand years ago (e.g. humid period during late glacial or the Holocene in the Alps and Andes (Korner, 1999). The soil forming processes are reflected in the colour of the surface soil (Pandey, 1997). The combination of iron oxides and organic content gives many soil types a brown colour (Anthwal, 2004). Many darker soils are not warmer than adjacent lighter coloured soils because of the temperature modifying effect of the moisture, in fact they may be cooler (Pandey, 1997). The alpine sites of the resent study has soil colour varying from dark yellowish brown/yellowish brown to brown at different depths. Likewise, at the moraine sites, the soil colour was dark grayish brown/grayish brown to brown. The dark coloured soils of the moraine and alpine sites having high humus contents absorb more heat than light coloured soils. Therefore, the dark soils hold more water. Water requires relatively large amount of heat than the soil minerals to raise its temperature and it also absorbs considerable heat for evaporation. At all sites, dark colour of soil was found due to high organic contents by the addition of litter. Soil texture is an important modifying factor in relation to the proportion of precipitation that enters the soil and is available to plants (Pandey, 1997). Texture refers to the proportion of sand, silt, and clay in the soil. Sandy soil is light or coarse-textured, whereas, the clay soils are heavy or fine-textured. Sand holds less moisture per unit volume, but permits more rapid percolation of precipitated water than silt and clay. Clay tends to increase the water-holding capacity of the soil. Loamy soils have a balanced sand, silt, and clay composition and are thus superior for plant growth (Pidwirny, 2004). Soil of the alpine zone of Dokriani Bamak was silty predominated by clay and loam, whereas the soil of moraine zone was silty predominated by sand and clay. There is a close relationship between atmospheric temperature and soil temperature. The high organic matter (humus) help in retaining more soil water. During summers, high radiations with greater insulation period enhance the atmospheric temperature resulted in the greater evaporation of soil water. In the monsoon months (July-August) the high rainfall increased soil moisture under relative atmospheric and soil temperature due to cloud-filter radiations (Pandey, 1997). Owing to September rainfall, atmospheric and soil temperatures decreased. The soil moisture is controlled by atmospheric temperature coupled with absorption of water by plants. During October, occasional rainfall and strong cold winds lower down the atmospheric temperature further. The soil temperature remains more or less intact from the outer influence due to a slight frost layer as well as vegetation cover. Soil temperature was recorded low at the moraine sites than the alpine sites. During May, insulation period in creases with increase in the atmospheric and soil temperature and it decreases during rainfall. The increasing temperature influences soil moisture adversely and an equilibrium is attained only after the first monsoon showers in the month of June which continued till August. Donahue et al. (1987) stated that no levelled land with a slope at right angle to the Sun would receive more heat per soil area and will warm faster than the flat surface. The soil layer impermeable to moisture have been cited as the reason for treelessness in part of the tropics, wherein its absence savanna develops (Beard, 1953). The resulting water logging of soil during the rainy season creates conditions not suitable for the growth of trees capable of surviving the dry season. The water holding capacity of the soil is determined by several factors. Most important among these are soil texture or size of particles, porosity and the amount of expansible organic matter and colloidal clay (Pandey, 1997). Water is held as thin film upon the surface of the particles and runs together forming drops in saturated soils, the amount necessarily increases with an increase in the water holding surface. Organic matter affects water contents directly by retaining water in large amount on the extensive surfaces of its colloidal constituents and also by holding it like a sponge in its less decayed portion. It also had an indirect effect through soil structure. Sand particles loosely cemented together by it, hence, percolation is decreased and water-holding capacity increased. Although fine textured soil can hold more water and thus more total water holding capacity but maximum available water is held in moderate textured soil. Porosity in soil consists of that portion of the soil volume not occupied by solids, either mineral or organic material. Under natural conditions, the pore spaces are occupied at all times by air and water. Pore spaces are irregular in shape in sand than the clay. The most rapid water and air movement is observed in sands than strongly aggregated soils. The pH of alpine sites ranged from 4.4 to 5.3 and it ranged from 4.8 to 6.1 in moraine sites of Dokriani Bamak. It indicated the acidic nature of the soil. The moraine sites were more acidic than the alpine sites. Acidity of soil is exhibited due to the presence of different acids. The organic matter and nitrogen contents inhibit the acidity of soil. The present observations pertaining to the soil pH (4.4 to 5.3 and 4.8 to 6.1) were more or less in the same range as reported for other meadows and moraine zones. Ram (1988) reported pH from 4.0-6.0 in Rudranath and Gaur (2002) on Chorabari. These pH ranges are lower than the oak and pine forests of lower altitudes of Himalayan region as observed by Singh and Singh, 1987 (pH:6.0-6.3). Furthermore, pH increased with depth. Bliss (1963) analyzed that in all types of soil, pH was low in upper layers (4.0-4.30) and it increased (4.6-4.9) in lower layer at New Hampshire due to reduction in organic matter. Das et al. (1988) reported the simil ar results in the sub alpine areas of Eastern Himalayas. All these reports support the present findings on Dokriani Bamak strongly. A potent acidic soil is intensively eroded and it has lower exchangeable cation, and possesses least microbial activity (Donahue et al., 1987). Misra et al., 1970 also observed higher acidity in the soil in the region where high precipitation results leaching. Koslowska (1934) demonstrated that when plants were grown under conditions of known pH, they make the culture medium either more acidic or alkaline and that this property differed according to the species. Soil properties may ch